Austria 1889 - Letter Card - USED - 2 Kreuzer Stamp

Description: AUSTRIA 1800's RARE POSTAGE USED CARD 100% Original Stamp YOU ARE BIDDING ON: Austria 1889 - Letter Card - USED - 2 Kroner Stamp - Nice Background (Michel catalogue price €???) Condition: Check the Picture, please Seller: StampLake.com Pro WORLDWIDE SHIPPING FLAT SHIPPING RATES - MULTIPLE ITEMS IN 1 PACKAGE Fast delivery with tracking number for only $7.95 * * $10.95 if more than 0.100 kg incl. pack. Save money on postage - add more than 1 products to cart and request total from the shopping card page. We will send you invoice with combined shipping price for all of your lots. Please note that we ship your order in 1-2 bussines days. Any further delays in shipment are likely the result of the delivery provider. International Shipments may take up to 3 weeks to arrive to their destination. We appreciate your patience and realistic shipping expectations for those Orders. ANY QUESTION? E-MAIL US All items are absolutely guaranteed to be genuine and as described. Buy with confidence-we are professional, full-time dealers in business for many years online on StampLake.com website. We pack and ship your purchases with care and consideration in a timely manner. With us, you can expect First-Class service and helpful consultation at no extra charge POSTAGE PRODUCT INFORMATION POST MONEY STAMP 100+ YEARS OLDПОЧТОВАЯ ДЕНЕЖНАЯ МАРКА 100+ ЛЕТ The history of postage and postage stamps of Austria covers periods from the time of the Roman Empire to the present. An orderly postal service within the framework of the Austrian state began to be established from the 16th century, and the release of its own postage stamps in Austria started in 1850. The modern postal operator is Österreichische Post. Content: 1 Mail development 1.1 Early history 1.2 19th-century mail 1.3 At the turn of the 20th century 1.4 Modernity 2 Issues of postage stamps 3 Other types of postage stamps 4 Postal and Telegraph Museum 5 Development of philately 6 Interesting Facts 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Literature Postal development Early history Postal history in what is now Austria has a centuries-old tradition. As scientific studies have shown, the ancient Romans built a network of roads and postal stations here. Evidence of the organization of the postal service in the Roman Empire are the ancient milestones preserved on the Austrian roads. In the Middle Ages, the postal service originated in Styria and functioned using carts and couriers. It happened that medieval couriers made a long journey to deliver scrolls with messages, for example, to the Benedictine monastery[en] in Admonte[2]. Guiding books for the period from 1495 to 1916 have survived to this day. One of them dates back to 1506 and contains marks of movement across Germany to Innsbruck and Sighartskirchen. The entries in the book were made during the transmission of the mail and indicate that the delivery was carried out relatively quickly - about 750 miles in 8 days and 21 hours. Old books about couriers with wood engravings tell about the postal service of those times [2]. For hundreds of years, the work of the Austrian post was carried out largely thanks to postmasters. As recorded in royal charters, the title of postmaster was hereditary. In the 16th century, Taxis and government mail operated simultaneously in Austria, but soon the latter completely supplanted the former. Since 1623, the Austrian post office was in the hereditary lease of the Counts von Paar[de]. In 1722, the operation of postal communications passed into the hands of the government. At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, the so-called "ratchet mail" was widespread in Vienna (since 1772) and some other cities in Austria. During the existence of this mail, messengers collected and delivered correspondence, moving through the streets of the city with rattles in their hands. 19th century post Austria (1979, 6 shillings): Lorenz Koshir, who proposed the design of a postage stamp (Sc #1121) In 1835-1836, Lorenz Koshir (1804-1879), an Austrian official, assistant postal clerk and Slovene by origin, suggested that the postage be prepaid with sticky stamps. His idea was not put into practice, and the first Austrian postage stamp was issued only in 1850[≡]. A big step forward in the development of the Austrian post was the Austro-German Postal Union, concluded in 1850 between Prussia, Austria, other German states and the Taxis postal administration on the basis of a uniform and uniform collection of postage. This union ceased to exist after the Austro-Prussian war of 1866. The world's first regular ship mail appeared in the middle of the 19th century (since 1851) in Austria for the Adriatic thanks to the Austrian Lloyd company. In connection with the postal and steamship lines of the "Austrian Lloyd", within the European and Asian Ottoman Empire, there were 31 Austrian postal institutions. In 1861, in Austria, following the example of England, they carried out a postal reform, which consisted in the advance payment of letters and a uniform tariff, depending not on the distance, but on the weight of the letters. Until 1867, there was one common administration for the Austrian and Hungarian Posts. Subsequently, the post office in Cisleithania was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Commerce and was connected to the telegraph service. Postal institutions were distributed over 10 postal and telegraph districts, which were managed by postal directors. For productionsand postal operations, post offices were established, which were divided into state-owned (ärarische Postämter) and non-state-owned. The latter existed in less significant places and were managed under contracts with the treasury by persons who were not in the public service. Both halves of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy - Austria and Hungary, despite the difference in postal signs since 1871 and separate postal administration, in terms of postal terms constituted one territory. However, the financial side of the matter was completely demarcated. On October 9, 1874, the Universal Postal Convention was signed, which applied to the whole of Austria-Hungary, but in the Universal Postal Union each part of the monarchy was given an independent vote. Austria owns the initiative to introduce an open letter, or postcard. Postcards first appeared in this country on October 1, 1869[2][6]. At the turn of the 20th century By the end of the 19th century, the rate for forwarding simple closed letters in Austria-Hungary reached 5 kreuzers. In this case, 15 g was taken as a weight unit; letters that weighed more, up to the maximum weight (250 g), were paid only at a double rate. For always almost paid open letters (postcards) there was a reduced fee of 2 kreuzers. (Not fully or not at all paid for an open letter was sent to its destination, but the recipient was charged the missing fee in double the rate established for closed letters.) For parcel shipments of printed works, a fee was established with four divisions - ranging from 2 to 15 kreuzers, and 5 kreuzers were charged for samples of goods, regardless of weight. Parcel items that did not meet the established requirements regarding the maximum dimensions in length, width and height, as well as unpaid items, were not sent to their destination. Parcel items that were not fully paid were sent, but the recipient was charged the missing weight fee in double size. Parcel shipments were of paramount importance for trade, especially foreign trade, as well as for the distribution of books and magazines. For postal orders in Austria-Hungary, a system was introduced in which the transfer was sent by official procedure directly from the postal place of departure to the postal destination, which paid the money to the addressee at home or called him to receive the money by summons. In 1891, the IV Universal Postal Congress[de] was held in Vienna, at which the newspaper operation received a wide and uniform international presentation. The governments which have come to an agreement on this subject mutually undertake to deliver periodicals published within their territories at the same prices as to domestic subscribers, with a surcharge only for possible transit costs. In the country of destination, commissions and similar surcharges could be made, but they should not go beyond the limits set for domestic subscribers in that country. Among many countries, Austria-Hungary also joined this agreement. Among the services rendered by the Austrian post were also operations with postal orders[de] and the transport of passengers by post in areas where there were no railways. Postal institutions, scattered throughout the country, were also involved in serving social purposes that were not directly related to the direct task of the post. This included the arrangement of postal and telegraph savings banks[en], which in Austria were adapted to the introduction of taxes through them. According to the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union for 1903, the density of the postal network in Austria was one postal institution per 37 km² (9th place in the world), the length of postal routes was 196 thousand km (4th place), moreover, railway postal routes exceeded other postal routes. The total number of kilometers traveled by mail per year was 101 million (sixth in the world, on a par with Japan). The number of internal written items in 1903 was approaching one billion, and the number of foreign letters was 246 million sent and 221 million received items (second place in the world after Germany, in the absence of data on England). The internal exchange of parcels in the same year in Austria amounted to 39 million items (4th place). Modernity Postal stagecoaches and sleighs of the past have been replaced in the 20th century by more modern means of transporting mail, including the postal bus[de][≡][≡] and caterpillar sledges that deliver mail to the mountainous regions of Austria. Austrian air mail was the first in the world and began to function on March 31, 1918 - six weeks before the opening of the mail air route between Washington and Long Island[≡]. Pneumatic, ship, railway and military mail received further development. Franking machines[≡] and postal machines for the sale of stamps and postcards[2] began to be used. Mobile post office - postal omnibus of Austria[^][^], dating from 1938, model Mercedes Benz O 10000 (Mercedes-Benz Museum, Stuttgart) Mobileoy post office - Austrian postal omnibus, dating back to 1938, Model Mercedes Benz O 10000 (Mercedes-Benz Museum, Stuttgart) Modern Postbox Austria (2007) Modern Postbox Austria (2007) Francotype (Vienna, 2004, 55 cents)[^] Francotype (Vienna, 2004, 55 cents)[^] Austria is a member of the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)[≡]. Issues of postage stamps The most important issues of Austrian postage stamps appeared in the following chronological order: 1850 - the first stamps of the country[≡], 1867-1871 - issues of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, which were in circulation throughout its territory (including Hungary), from 1874 - releases only for Austria[≡], 1883 - the appearance on the stamps of the name of the postal administration[≡], 1908 - the first commemorative stamps issued in honor of the 60th anniversary of the reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I, 1918 - stamps were overprinted with the name of the Republic of Austria - German Austria ("Deutschösterreich")[≡], 1933 - the first postal block, 1937 - the first two "Christmas greeting stamps" with images of a rose and signs of the Zodiac, which became the last issue of Austria before the German takeover[≡], 1945 - German stamps overprinted "Österreich" ("Austria"); the beginning of the issue of stamps of the revived Austria. Stamp of Austria from the issue of the XV Universal Postal Congress[de], which also depicts a postal bus[de] (Mi #1193; Sc #736)[^][^] In 1964, in connection with the XV World Postal Congress [de] in Vienna, a series of Austrian stamps "Post in Art" appeared, on which the works of European artists were reproduced, illustrating the development of postal communications over the past few centuries: Bernard Bellotto. Arrival of news of the victory at Kunersdorf (Mi #1186; Sc #729). Julius Hörmann. Replacing horses at the post station (Mi #1187; Sc #730). Moritz von Schwind. Honeymoon Journey (1867) (Mi #1188; Sc #731). Ignaz Raffalt[de]. After the rain (Mi #1189; Sc #732). Johann Adam Klein[en]. Mail coach in the mountains (Mi #1190; Sc #733). Friedrich Gauerman. Changing horses in a town near the Bavarian border (Mi #1191; Sc #734). Adalbert Pilch[en]. Postal bus[en] in the highlands[≡] (Mi #1192; Sc #735). Adalbert Pilch. Post office in Saalbach (Mi #1193; Sc #736)[≡]. In the second half of the 20th century, the Austrian State Printing House[de] in Vienna was one of the largest in the world and printed postage stamps not only for Austria, but also for many countries in Europe, Asia, America and Africa. When making stamps, gravure printing, intaglio and combined methods were used here [9]. Stamp of Austria, 1890-1896 issue, 1 gulden (Sc #62) Stamp of Austria, 1890-1896 issue, 1 gulden (Sc #62) Overprint of German Austria (1918, 15 hellers) - the Austrian state entity in 1918-1919 (Sc #186)[^] Overprint of German Austria (1918, 15 hellers) - the Austrian state entity in 1918-1919 (Sc #186)[^] Stamp of the First Austrian Republic (1922, 2000 crowns), which lasted until World War II (Sc #295) Stamp of the First Austrian Republic (1922, 2000 crowns), which lasted until World War II (Sc #295) Austrian Christmas stamp (1937, 12 groszy) - last issue of independent Austria (Sc #388)[^][10] Austrian Christmas stamp (1937, 12 groszy) - last issue of independent Austria (Sc #388)[^][10] Overprint of Liberated Austria (1945, 5 pfennig) on one of the stamps of Nazi Germany used during World War II (Sc #390) Overprint of Liberated Austria (1945, 5 pfennig) on one of the stamps of Nazi Germany used during World War II (Sc #390) Austrian stamp (1993, 7 shillings) - Europa issue (Sc #1596)[^][^] Austria is a member of the Europa co-stamp issue, originally organized under the auspices of CEPT[≡]. Other types of postage stamps Starting from the 19th century, the Austrian post issued newspaper stamps (since 1851, for the first time in the world)[11][≡], surcharge (since 1894), as well as postal-charity[≡], newspaper-tax, telegraph[≡] and settlement. For example, in 1916, additional stamps of Austria were issued with an overprint of "Porto"[12]. In 1854-1857, fiscal stamps were also allowed to be used for postal purposes (as postal stamps). In 1916, triangular stamps for special purposes (Sc #QE1, QE2) were issued, located standing on top. In 1918, the first airmail stamps were issued, made by overprinting airmail on ordinary stamps in March 1918 for the world's first regular airmail line Vienna - Krakow - Lvov - Kiev. In connection with the functioning of Austrian post offices abroad in the 19th - early 20th centuries, there are issues of Austrian postal stamps in Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire [≡], Romania, on the island ofin Crete[≡] and in some other countries. In 1918-1925 and in 1945, Austrian local issues appeared in a number of lands, cities and towns. There are also stamps of the Austro-Hungarian field mail from the First World War[≡][≡] and the field mail of the Austrian contingents of UN troops (since 1974). In 1938-1945, stamps of Germany (Nazi Germany)[≡] were in circulation in Austria. The first postage stamp of the Austrian possession of Lombardy-Venice, 1850, 5 centesimo (Sc #1)[^] The first postage stamp of the Austrian possession of Lombardy-Venice, 1850, 5 centesimo (Sc #1)[^] "Blue Mercury" - the first newspaper stamp published in the Austrian Empire, 1851, 6/10 kreuzer, denomination not indicated (Sc #P1)[^] "Blue Mercury" - the first newspaper stamp published in the Austrian Empire, 1851, 6/10 kreuzers, denomination not specified (Sc #P1)[^] Telegraph stamp of Austria-Hungary (1874, 25 crowns)[^] Telegraph stamp of Austria-Hungary (1874, 25 crowns) Austrian post in the Ottoman Empire, 1888, 20 pair (Sc #16) Austrian post in the Ottoman Empire, 1888, 20 para (sc #16)[^] Austrian postage stamp in Crete, 1903 (Sc #A15)[^] Austrian postage stamp in Crete, 1903 (Sc #A15)[^] Field mail overprint on military mail stamp in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1915 (Sc #M4)[^] Field mail overprint on military mail stamp in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1915 (Sc #M4)[^] Occupation stamp: overprinted on a field postage stamp of Austria in Italy, 1918, 16 centesimo (Sc #N8)[^] Occupation stamp: overprinted on a field postage stamp of Austria in Italy, 1918, 16 centesimo (Sc #N8)[^] Airmail overprint on Austrian stamps for the first regular postal line Vienna - Krakow - Lvov - Kiev (1918, 2.50 and 4 crowns) (Mi #225; Sc #C2, C3)[^][^] Airmail overprint on Austrian stamps for the first regular postal line Vienna - Krakow - Lvov - Kyiv (1918, 2.50 and 4 crowns) (Mi #225; Sc #C2, C3)[^][^] Austrian airmail stamp, 1935, 10 shillings (Sc #C46) Austrian airmail stamp, 1935, 10 shillings (Sc #C46) Postal and Telegraph Museum Main article: Austrian Post and Telegraph Museum The Museum of the History of the Austrian Postal Service existed as an independent institution from 1891 to 1980, and then became part of the Technical Museum[en] in Vienna. The museum houses collections of all types of postal paper and envelopes (starting from the 14th century), postcards, Austrian postage stamps (since 1850), the oldest Austrian postmarks and overprints. A special museum section shows the entire process of creating stamps - from the artist's work to printing[2][13]. The development of philately Philipp von Ferrari[^] See also: Vienna International Philatelic Exhibition The organized movement of philatelists has received significant development in Austria. Among the world-famous private collections, the collection of the legendary Philipp von Ferrari (1850-1917), who had Austrian citizenship and was buried in this country, especially stood out[^]. The German-language magazines Austria-Philatelist and Die Briefmarke are published in the country. The catalog of Austrian stamps “Austria-Netto”, well-known in Austria and abroad, is published regularly. So, for example, its 31st edition was published in 1975 and was prepared by the Viennese publishing house R. Rosner (Rita Rosner). It included a description of the classic issues of Austria from 1850-1899, as well as from 1945. The catalog gave the prices of classic stamps on letter clippings, as well as newspaper stamps on entire newspapers. The black prints used by the Post Office in advertising campaigns were also listed, along with their circulation numbers. The publication contained a list of Austrian coins since 1848[14]. Postage Stamp Day (1972). Austrian charity postage stamp (Sc #B328) depicting a ratchet postman[^][^][^] Austria first celebrated Postage Stamp Day on December 1, 1935. On the occasion of the celebration of this day, Austrian stamps may be issued. For example, on one of these stamps (charity postage) in 1972, ratchet mail was depicted [≡]. Three stamps of another postal charity series, which appeared on November 14, 1975, simultaneously celebrated the 125th anniversary of the Austrian postage stamp and depicted Austrian stamps of different years (according to the “stamp on stamp” principle)[15]. Austrian collectors also participate in various national and international philatelic exhibitions. For example, in 1970, at the initiative of the Austrian-Soviet Friendship Society, a philatelic exhibition dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Lenin's birth was held in the city exhibition hall of Innsbruck. To cancel postage stamps pasted on invitations to the exhibition, the Tyrol branch of the Society prepared a special stamp with a portrait of V. I. Lenin[16]. The world philatelic forum held in Vienna, the Vienna International Philatelic Exhibition, is very famous in the world. Interesting Facts The representative of the Austrian branch of the Rothschilds in his timeYemya bought one of the first issues of Afghan stamps in its entirety and then burned all the stamps except for a few in front of the agents of the largest stamp companies, thereby profiting from the sale of the remaining stamps[17]. In 1973, the Austrian Post issued another charity postage stamp in honor of the Stamp Day, which included the image of the archangel (1490) and the text "Archangel Gabriel - protector and patron of philately" (Sc #B329). It owes its appearance to the petition of the Archbishop of Vienna on the basis of an apostolic letter signed by Pope Paul VI to the Archbishop of Vienna on September 22, 1972, according to which Archangel Gabriel is the patron of mail and philately. This idea was "struck" during a papal audience in 1972 by the president of the World Union of St. Gabriel Philatelists, editor-in-chief of the Austrian magazine "Die Briefmarke" Bruno Grimm[18]. Austrian post office in Liechtenstein Austrian post in the Ottoman Empire Austrian Post in Crete Austrian Post and Telegraph Museum Austria-Net Austro-German Postal Union[en] Vienna International Philatelic Exhibition Postage stamps and postal history of Hungary History of mail and postage stamps of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom[≡] Classification of postal cancellations of the Austrian Empire[en] Red Mercury List of people on postage stamps of Austria[en] List of postal codes in Austria ratchet mail Federation of Austrian Philatelic Associations[de] Osterreichische Post Category:Images:Austrian stamps Notes: Ratified as Austria-Hungary. In the Austrian Postal Museum Archival copy dated December 22, 2015 at the Wayback Machine // Philately of the USSR. - 1975. - No. 12. - S. 46-47. — (Heading: Globe: problems, information). [Adapted from Philatelic Magazine, London, August 1975.] (Accessed 10 November 2015) Archived copy. Retrieved November 10, 2015. Archived from the original on November 10, 2015. Mail // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907. Austro-German Postal Union // Large Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas ... [and others]; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - S. 9. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. "Austrian Lloyd" // Big Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas ... [and others]; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - S. 8. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. (Accessed: 25 May 2016) Archived copy. Retrieved 30 September 2018. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Postal signs // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907. Information from the "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron" with reference to the "Post and Telegraph Journal", 1905, vol. VIII. 1938 Mercedes Benz O 10000 mobiles Postamt. Mercedes Benz Museum's Channel. YouTube, LLC (June 20, 2011). Retrieved 11 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Austrian State Printing House in Vienna // Large Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas ... [and others]; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - S. 8. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. There is an assumption that the face of Hitler is hidden in the rose drawing; see Plot Errors on Postage Stamps. Kissin B. Stamps for various purposes Archival copy dated April 6, 2016 at the Wayback Machine // Philately of the USSR. - 1975. - No. 12. - S. 55-56. — (Headings: The world of hobbies; School of the novice collector). (Accessed 20 March 2016) Archived copy. Retrieved 20 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Kissin B. Stamps for various purposes Archival copy dated April 6, 2016 at the Wayback Machine // Philately of the USSR. - 1976. - No. 2. - S. 57-58. — (Headings: The world of hobbies; School of the novice collector). (Accessed 20 March 2016) Archived copy. Retrieved 20 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Post- und Telegraphenmuseum (German). Wien Geschichte Wiki. Vienna, Austria: wien.at; Magistrat der Stadt Wien. Retrieved November 8, 2015. Archived from the original on November 8, 2015. What, where, when // Philately of the USSR. - 1975. - No. 12. - P. 48. - (Heading: Globe: problems, information). In the mailboxes of the world. Europe. Austria // Philately of the USSR. - 1976. - No. 2. - P. 39. - (Heading: Reference table). Boyko V. Lenin's souvenir from Austria // Philately of the USSR. - 1977. - No. 4. - S. 2-3. Kissin B. M. Country Philately / Ed. V. Nezdvetsky. - M .: Education, 1969. - 240 p. — 100,000 copies. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. (Accessed: July 15, 2016) Levitas I. Ya. With stamps to the land of knowledge: (Notes on mail and philately). - K .: Advertising, 1987.- S. 35. - 256 p. — 50,000 copies. (Accessed 9 July 2017) Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Literature Austrian post: what will the restructuring lead to? // Philately. - 2002. - No. 5. - P. 7. Austria // Large Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas ... [and others]; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - S. 8-9. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. Austria (Republic of Austria) // Philatelic geography (foreign countries): Handbook / L. L. Lepeshinsky. - M .: Communication, 1967. - S. 9-10. — 480 s. Dragunov G. Austria // Philately of the USSR. - 1978. - No. 10. - S. 24-26. — (Heading: By countries and continents). Patrikeyeva I. "Crystal" stamps of Austria // Philately. - 2005. - No. 1. - P. 11. - (Heading: ITAR-TASS: hot news). Amtmann K. Post und Politik in Bayern von 1808 bis 1850. - München: Herbert Utz Verlag, 2006. - ISBN 3-8316-0619-6. (German) Scott 2007. Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue. - N.Y., NY, USA: Scott, 2006. (English) Stanley Gibbon. Stamp Catalogue. Pt. 2. Austria and Hungary. (unavailable link) - 6th edn. — L.: Stanley Gibbons, 2002. — 368 p. — ISBN 0-85259-527-1. (eng.) (unavailable link) Retrieved September 2018. Zinsmeister M. C. Austrian Stamps and Their Background 1850-1937. - Kessinger Publishing, 2006. - ISBN 1-4286-6225-1. (English) Zinsmeister M. C. The Stamps of Austria, 1850-1957. - Albany: Van Dahl Publications, 1958. - 86 p. (English) With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance. 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Vintage stamps and rare coins sale online! Продажа старинных марок и редких монет онлайн - stamplake.com STAMPLAKE.COM PROFESSIONAL SELLER Type of capital investments, as investments in antiques is growing in popularity more and more each day. It's quite a profitable and safe investment, as prices for antiques are steadily growing (on average 20% per year), which often exceeds the growth of stocks in the stock market. In addition, investment in antiques enriches not only materially bringing income but also spiritually, bringing esthetic pleasure. However, investing money in antiques is a complex activity. In order to make substantial amount of money, You need to acquire special knowledge and build relationships in the appropriate community. It is necessary to understand what things really have the potential to increase in value and which, on the contrary, are hopeless. The word "antique" has Latin roots and means "old". The core value of antiques is in the fact that they are old. Age objects which are considered as antique, can start from 10-15 years, depending on the historical, physical and chemical characteristics of the object. Often, investment in antiques and collecting go hand in hand. That's why making money on old things is going better at those who are careful to things and who are orientating in the history very well. Fortunately for new investors, in the environment of antiques consultants are available whose main task is to help the investor to separate the "wheat from the chaff" and to make competent investment. It should be noted that to start investing in antiques it's not necessary to have a large amount of money. A lot of people begin with inexpensive paintings of young artists and a variety of interesting subjects. As a rule, in the beginning investor collects works of art in the style that appeales to him, purely for pleasure, and much later investor begins to think about making money. You can buy antiques literally everywhere, even at the grandmother, neighbor. However, if you are not familiar with antiques, it is wiser to trust the various antique shops, exhibition and museum authority. Such authority have expertise in selling things and do not allow to enter counterfeits into the market. If you want to do engage in such a profitable and exciting business, as investing in antiques, we will be happy to offer You assistance which will be provided by our experienced consultants who can help You see all the "pitfalls", to make the right choices and get real pleasure from the trip to the mysterious and magical world of collection. Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in. Features and further details Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in. Our company is made by collectors for collectors. We are selling various items which are related to the collection (coins, banknotes, faleras, antiques, various accessories, specialized literature and much else). Definitely here you will find a lot of necessary and useful items which you are interested in. We are always glad to meet you personally and definitely you will find the item you are interested in. Contact us We can be contacted at any time through eBay messages if you have any questions, comments or product requests. We will respond to you within 24-48 hours and do our best to help you out! We encourage our customers to contact us with any questions or concerns! We'd like to be sure you are completely satisfied with your purchase. Payment PAYPAL , VISA , MASTERCARD , MASESTRO , AMERICAN EXPRESS Shipping WITH TRACKING NUMBER IN 1-2 WORKING DAYS AFTER PAYMENT Disclaimer If the description of the lot differs from its image, the image will have priority Best regards from STAMPLAKE.COM

Price: 35 USD

Location: Bergen

End Time: 2024-08-19T18:15:36.000Z

Shipping Cost: 7.95 USD