Description: King George III Solid Silver Crown This is a Georgian Crown which features King George III Unfortunatley the Year has worn off over the years, but it is between 1817 & 1820 The obverse the famed St George, the paton saint of England and the Dragon In 1816 the government made all of the older coins no longer legal tender. They then issued a whole series of new coins, which were of course legal tender. This is the first type of Crown or Five Shillings to be issued for King George III. They are struck in Sterling Silver and were issued only from 1818-1820. This coin is now proving very hard to get and it has been some time since we last had enough to offer them. Dates of our choice and this coin is available in different grades. A very important coin as it was the first of the ‘new’ coinage to be struck. A collectable silver Crown of king George the Third. The obverse features the large laureate bust of the king, facing right with the date and engravers name - ‘PISTRUCCI’ - below. The reverse shows the same artist’s famous Saint George on horse back, slaying a dragon underfoot, all within a buckled garter. Lettering in the garter translates to ‘shame on him who thinks evil of it’. Benedetto Pistrucci’s name again appears on the ground beneath the horse as he’s responsible for both sides of this attractive piece. These George III silver Crowns with a low mintage of under 670k are becoming scarce in high grades. In our opinion they are undervalued at present so now’s a great time to snap them up. Spink 3787. ObverseLarge laureate bust of George III, facing right, 'PISTRUCCI' below for the engraver Benedetto Pistrucci, date below that. Legend: 'GEORGIUS III D : G : BRITANNIARUM REX F : D :'. ReverseSaint George on horseback with sword in hand slaying a dragon. 'PISTRUCCI' underneath for the engraver. Legend: 'HONI · SOIT · QUI · MAL · Y · PENSE ·'. EdgeRaised lettering for regnal year: 'DECUS ET TUTAMEN. ANNO REGNI LIX.'. Monarch - King George IIIWeight - 28.35 g Diameter - 38.6 mmComposition - 92.5% silverMinted - London, England A wonderful item for anyone who loves the Royal Family It would be a super addition to any collection, excellent display, practical piece or authentic period prop. This once belonged to my Grand Mother and she kept in a display cabinet for many years, but when she died it was placed in a box for storage. "e have decided to sell some of her items to raise money for a Memorial Bench with a plaque Where we can sit and remember her on Summer Days I hope it will find a good home In Very good condition for over 126 Years Old Comes from a pet and smoke free home Sorry about the poor quality photos. 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Philadelphia, Lahore, Kinshasa, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City, Madrid, Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, Fukuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra Crown (British coin)One crownGreat BritainUnited KingdomValue5/— (25p in decimal currency)£5 (commemorative coins from 1990 and later)Diameter38 mmEdgeMilledComposition(1816–1919) 92.5% Ag(1920–1946) 50% Ag(1947–1970) CupronickelYears of minting1707–1981ObverseObverse of the crown of 1891, Great Britain, Victoria.jpgDesignProfile of the monarch (Victoria "jubilee head" design shown)DesignerJoseph BoehmDesign date1887ReverseReverse crown 1891, Great Britain, Victoria.jpgDesignVarious (St George design shown)DesignerBenedetto PistrucciDesign date1817The British crown was a denomination of sterling coinage worth 1/4 of one pound, or 5 shillings, or 60 (old) pence. The crown was first issued during the reign of Edward VI, as part of the coinage of the Kingdom of England. Always a heavy silver coin weighing around one ounce, during the 19th and 20th centuries the crown declined from being a real means of exchange to being a coin rarely spent, and minted for commemorative purposes only. Unlike in some territories of the British Empire (such as Jamaica), in the UK the crown was never replaced as circulating currency by a five-shilling banknote. "Decimal" crowns were minted a few times after decimalisation of the British currency in 1971, initially with a nominal value of 25 (new) pence. However, commemorative crowns issued since 1990 have a face value of five pounds.[1] HistoryThe coin's origins lie in the English silver crown, one of many silver coins that appeared in various countries from the 16th century onwards (most famously the Spanish piece of eight), all of similar size and weight (approx 38mm diameter, 25g fine silver) and thus interchangeable in international trade. The Kingdom of England also minted gold Crowns until early in the reign of Charles II.[2] The dies for all gold and silver coins of Queen Anne and King George I were engraved by John Croker, a migrant originally from Dresden in the Duchy of Saxony.[3] The British silver crown was always a large coin, and from the 19th century it did not circulate well. However, crowns were usually struck in a new monarch's coronation year, from George IV through Elizabeth II in 1953, with the exceptions of George V and Edward VIII. "Gothic" crown of Queen Victoria (1847). The coin had a mintage of just 8,000 and was produced to celebrate the Gothic revivalThe King George V "wreath" crowns struck from 1927 through 1936 (excluding 1935 when the more common "rocking horse" crown was minted to commemorate the King's Silver Jubilee) depict a wreath on the reverse of the coin and were struck in very low numbers. Generally struck late in the year and intended to be purchased as Christmas gifts, they were generally kept rather than circulated. The 1927 "wreath" crowns were struck as proofs only (15,030 minted) and the 1934 coin had a mintage of just 932.[citation needed] With their large size, many of the later coins were primarily commemoratives. The 1951 issue was for the Festival of Britain, and was only struck in proof condition. The 1953 crown was issued to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, while the 1960 issue (which carried the same reverse design as the previous crown in 1953) commemorated the British Exhibition in New York. The 1965 issue carried the image of Winston Churchill on the reverse. According to the Standard Catalogue of coins, 19,640,000 of this coin were minted, although intended as collectable pieces the large mintage and lack of precious metal content means these coins are effectively worthless today.[4] Production of the Churchill crown began on 11 October 1965, and stopped in the summer of 1966. The crown coin was nicknamed the dollar, but is not to be confused with the British trade dollar that circulated in the Orient. In 2014, a new world record price was achieved for a milled silver crown. The coin was unique, issued as a pattern by engraver Thomas Simon in 1663 and nicknamed the "Reddite Crown". It was presented to Charles II as the new crown piece, but ultimately rejected in favour of the Roettiers Brothers' design. Auctioneers Spink & Son of London sold the coin on 27 March 2014 for £396,000 including commission.[5] All pre-decimal crowns from 1818 on remain legal tender with a face value of 25p.[6] Decimal crownsMain articles: British twenty-five pence coin and Five pounds (British coin)After decimalisation on 15 February 1971, the 25-pence coin was introduced as a replacement for the crown as a commemorative coin. These were legal tender[6] and were made with large mintages. Further issues continued to be minted, initially with a value of twenty-five pence (with no face value shown). From 1990, the face value of new crown coins was raised to five pounds.[1] Preceded byEnglish crownCrown1707–1965Succeeded byTwenty–five penceChanging valuesThe legal tender value of the crown remained as five shillings from 1544 to 1965. However, for most of this period there was no denominational designation or "face value" mark of value displayed on the coin. From 1927 to 1939, the word "CROWN" appears, and from 1951 to 1960 this was changed to "FIVE SHILLINGS". Coins minted since 1818 remain legal tender with a face value of 25 pence. Although all "normal" issues since 1951 have been composed of cupro-nickel, special proof versions have been produced for sale to collectors, and as gift items, in silver, gold, and occasionally platinum. The fact that gold £5 crowns are now produced means that there are two different strains of five pound gold coins, namely crowns and what are now termed "quintuple sovereigns" for want of a more concise term.[7][8] Numismatically, the term "crown-sized" is used generically to describe large silver or cupro-nickel coins of about 40 mm in diameter. Most Commonwealth countries still issue crown-sized coins for sale to collectors. New Zealand's original fifty-cent pieces, and Australia's previously round but now dodecagonal fifty-cent piece, although valued at five shillings in predecimal accounting, are all smaller than the standard silver crown pieces issued by those countries (and the UK). They were in fact similarly sized to the predecimal half crown (worth two shillings and sixpence). CompositionFor silver crowns, the grade of silver adhered to the long-standing standard (established in the 12th century by Henry II) – the Sterling Silver standard of 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper. This was a harder-wearing alloy, yet it was still a rather high grade of silver. It went some way towards discouraging the practice of "clipping", though this practice was further discouraged and largely eliminated with the introduction of the milled edge seen on coins today. In a debasement process which took effect in 1920, the silver content of all British coins was reduced from 92.5% to 50%, with a portion of the remainder consisting of manganese, which caused the coins to tarnish to a very dark colour after they had been in circulation for a significant period. Silver was eliminated altogether in 1947, with the move to a composition of cupro-nickel – except for proof issues, which returned to the pre-1920 92.5% silver composition. Since the Great Recoinage of 1816, a crown has, as a general rule, had a diameter of 38.61 millimetres (1.520 in), and weighed 28.276 grams (defined as 10⁄11 troy ounce).[9][10] Modern mintagesMonarchYearNumber mintedDetailComposition*Edward VIIAs 5/- (60d - quarter sovereign)1902256,020Coronation0.925 silverGeorge V192715,030 (proof only)'Wreath' Crown0.500 silver19289,034'Wreath' Crown0.500 silver19294,994'Wreath' Crown0.500 silver19304,847'Wreath' Crown0.500 silver19314,056'Wreath' Crown0.500 silver19322,395'Wreath' Crown0.500 silver19337,132'Wreath' Crown0.500 silver1934932'Wreath' Crown0.500 silver1935714,769George V and Queen Mary Silver Jubilee0.500 silver19362,473'Wreath' Crown0.500 silverGeorge VI1937418,699Coronation0.500 silver19511,983,540Festival of BritainCu/NiElizabeth II19535,962,621CoronationCu/Ni19601,024,038British Exhibition in New YorkCu/Ni196519,640,000Death of Sir Winston ChurchillCu/NiAs 25p (quarter sovereign)19727,452,100Queen Elizabeth II 25th Wedding Anniversary 25pCu/Ni197737,061,160Queen Elizabeth II Silver JubileeCu/Ni19809,306,000Queen Mother 80th BirthdayCu/Ni198126,773,600Charles & Diana WeddingCu/NiFor crowns minted from 1990, which have a value of £5, see here.The specifications for composition refer to the standard circulation versions. Proof versions continue to be minted in Sterling silver.GalleryQuarter sovereignIn 1853, the Royal Mint had produced two patterns for a gold 5-shilling coin for circulation use, one denominated as five shillings and the other as a quarter sovereign, but this coin never went into production, in part due to concerns about the small size of the coin and likely wear in circulation.[11] The quarter sovereign was introduced in 2009 as a bullion coin. ReferencesiconMoney portalNumismatics portalflagUnited Kingdom portal "The Royal Mint: Five Pound Coin Designs and Specifications". The Royal Mint. Retrieved 10 July 2015. "Crown". Royal Mint Museum. Retrieved 17 July 2022. In 1551 Edward VI issued a large silver coin of the value of five shillings and as its currency value was the same as that of the gold crown it took its name from that coin. Both gold and silver crowns continued to be struck concurrently until early in the reign of Charles II, when minting of the gold crown ceased. Warwick William Wroth, 'Croker, John (1670-1741)' in Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, vol. 13 "How Much is a 1965 Winston Churchill Coin Worth?". churchillcentral.com. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2022. "Spink sets new world record for an English silver coin, 27 March 2014". Spink Auctioneers. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014. "How can I dispose of commemorative crowns? And why do some have a higher face value than others?". The Royal Mint Museum. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2019. "Quintuple Sovereigns - Five Pound Gold Coins". taxfreegold.co.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2017. "British Gold Proof Commemorative Crowns". taxfreegold.co.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2017. Specifications of British Pre-decimal Coins Kindleberger, Charles P. (2005). A Financial History of Western Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 60. ISBN 9780415378673. OnlineCoinClub Quarter Sovereign pre-decimalExternal links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crown (British coin).History of Five Shilling Coins on Coins of the UKRoyal Mint Museum's history of Crown CoinCrown, Coin Type from United Kingdom - Online Coin ClubvteCurrency units named crown or similarCirculatingCzech korunaDanish kroneFaroese krónaIcelandic krónaNorwegian kroneSwedish kronaDefunctAustrian kroneAustrian Netherlands kronenthalerAustro-Hungarian crownBohemian and Moravian korunaCzechoslovak korunaEstonian kroonFiume kroneHungarian koronaLiechtenstein kroneSlovak korunaSlovak koruna (1939–1945)Yugoslav kroneProposedGreenlandic koruuniAs a denominationBritish crownEnglish crownKronenthalervteSterling coinageDecimal1/2p1p2p5p10p20p50p£1£2Pre-decimalQuarter farthing (1/16d) (British Ceylon)Third farthing (1/12d) (Crown Colony of Malta)Half farthing (1/8d)Farthing (1/4d)Halfpenny (1/2d)Penny (1d)Three halfpence (1+1/2d) (British Ceylon & British West Indies)Twopence (2d)Threepence (3d)Fourpence (4d)Sixpence (6d)Shilling (1/–)Fifteen pence (1/3d) (Australia)Eighteen Pence(1/6d) (British Ireland)Florin (2/–)Half crown (2/6d)Thirty Pence(2/6d) (British Ireland)Double florin (4/–)Crown (5/–)Six Shillings (6/-) (British Ireland)Quarter guinea (5/3d)Third guinea (7/–)Half sovereign (10/–)Half guinea (10/6d)Sovereign (£1)Guinea (£1/1/–)Double sovereign (£2)Two guineas (£2/2/–)Five pounds (£5)Five guineas (£5/5/–)Commemorative3p (Tristan Da Cunha)6p25p60p (Isle of Man)70p (Ascension Island)£5£10£20£25£50£100£200£500£1000Maundy moneyBullionBritanniaQuarter sovereignHalf sovereignSovereignDouble sovereignQuintuple sovereignLunarThe Queen's BeastsLandmarks of BritainSee alsoSterlingSterling banknotesList of British banknotes and coinsList of British currenciesJubilee coinageOld Head coinageScottish coinageCoins of IrelandList of people on coins of the United KingdomCategories: Crown (currency)Coins of Great BritainCoins of the United KingdomQuarter-base-unit coins George III ArticleTalkReadView sourceView history ToolsAppearance hideText Small Standard LargeWidth Standard WideColor (beta) Automatic Light DarkFeatured articlePage semi-protectedFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor other uses, see George III (disambiguation).George IIIFull-length portrait in oils of a clean-shaven young George in eighteenth century dress: gold jacket and breeches, ermine cloak, powdered wig, white stockings, and buckled shoes.Coronation portrait, 1762King of Great Britain and Ireland[a]Elector/King of Hanover[b]Reign25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820Coronation22 September 1761PredecessorGeorge IISuccessorGeorge IVRegentGeorge, Prince of Wales (1811–1820)Born4 June 1738 [NS][c]Norfolk House, St James's Square, London, EnglandDied29 January 1820 (aged 81)Windsor Castle, Berkshire, EnglandBurial16 February 1820Royal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor CastleSpouseCharlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz(m. 1761; died 1818)IssueGeorge IVPrince Frederick, Duke of York and AlbanyWilliam IVCharlotte, Queen of WürttembergPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and StrathearnPrincess Augusta SophiaElizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-HomburgErnest Augustus, King of HanoverPrince Augustus Frederick, Duke of SussexPrince Adolphus, Duke of CambridgePrincess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and EdinburghPrincess SophiaPrince OctaviusPrince AlfredPrincess AmeliaNamesGeorge William FrederickHouseHanoverFatherFrederick, Prince of WalesMotherPrincess Augusta of Saxe-GothaReligionAnglicanismSignatureHandwritten "George" with a huge leading "G" and a large capital "R" at the end for "Rex"George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The Acts of Union 1800 unified Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with George as its king. He was concurrently Duke and Prince-elector of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire before becoming King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was a monarch of the House of Hanover, who, unlike his two predecessors, was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language,[1] and never visited Hanover.[2] George was born during the reign of his paternal grandfather, King George II, as the first son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. Following his father's death in 1751, Prince George became heir apparent and Prince of Wales. He succeeded to the throne on George II's death in 1760. The following year, he married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, with whom he had 15 children. George III's life and reign were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas and Asia. Early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. However, Britain lost 13 of its North American colonies in the American War of Independence. Further wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France from 1793 concluded in the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. In 1807, the transatlantic slave trade was banned from the British Empire. In the later part of his life, George had recurrent and eventually permanent mental illness. The exact nature of the mental illness is not known definitively, but historians and medical experts have suggested that his symptoms and behaviour traits were consistent with either bipolar disorder or porphyria. In 1810, George suffered a final relapse, and his eldest son, the Prince of Wales, was named Prince Regent the following year. The King died aged 81, at which time the Regent succeeded him as George IV. George III reigned during much of the Georgian and Regency eras. At the time of his death, he was the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch, having reigned for 59 years and 96 days; he remains the longest-lived and longest-reigning male monarch in British history. Early lifeConversation piece in oils: Ayscough dressed in black with a clerical collar stands beside a settee on which the two boys sit, one wearing a grey suit the other a blue one. He holds a sheet of paper; the boys hold a book.Prince George (right), his brother Prince Edward, and their tutor, Francis Ayscough (later Dean of Bristol), by Richard Wilson, c. 1749George was born in Norfolk House in St James's Square, London, on 4 June 1738.[c] He was a grandson of King George II and the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. As he was born two months prematurely, and thought unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by Thomas Secker, who was both Rector of St James's Church, Piccadilly, and Bishop of Oxford.[3][4] One month later, he was publicly baptised at Norfolk House, again by Secker. His godparents were King Frederick I of Sweden (for whom Lord Baltimore stood proxy), his uncle Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (for whom Lord Carnarvon stood proxy), and his great-aunt Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia (for whom Lady Charlotte Edwin stood proxy).[5] George grew into a healthy, reserved and shy child. The family moved to Leicester Square, where George and his younger brother Edward (later Duke of York and Albany) were educated together by private tutors. Family letters show that he could read and write in both English and German, as well as comment on political events of the time, by the age of eight.[6] He was the first British monarch to study science systematically.[7] Apart from chemistry and physics, his lessons included astronomy, mathematics, French, Latin, history, music, geography, commerce, agriculture and constitutional law, along with sporting and social accomplishments such as dancing, fencing and riding. His religious education was wholly Anglican.[7] At the age of 10, George took part in a family production of Joseph Addison's play Cato and said in the new prologue: "What, tho' a boy! It may with truth be said, A boy in England born, in England bred."[8] Historian Romney Sedgwick argued that these lines appear "to be the source of the only historical phrase with which he is associated".[9] King George II disliked Prince Frederick and took little interest in his grandchildren. However, in 1751, Frederick died unexpectedly from a lung injury at the age of 44, and his son George became heir apparent to the throne and inherited his father's title of Duke of Edinburgh. The King now took more interest in his grandson and created him Prince of Wales three weeks later.[10][11] Head-and-shoulders portrait of a young clean-shaven George wearing a finely-embroidered jacket, the blue sash of the Order of the Garter, and a powdered wig.Pastel portrait of George as Prince of Wales by Jean-Étienne Liotard, 1754In the spring of 1756, as George approached his eighteenth birthday, the King offered him a grand establishment at St James's Palace, but George refused the offer, guided by his mother and her confidant, Lord Bute, who later served as prime minister.[12] George's mother, now the Dowager Princess of Wales, preferred to keep George at home where she could imbue him with her strict moral values.[13][14] Accession and marriageIn 1759, George was smitten with Lady Sarah Lennox, sister of Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond, but Lord Bute advised against the match and George abandoned his thoughts of marriage. "I am born for the happiness or misery of a great nation," he wrote, "and consequently must often act contrary to my passions."[15] Nevertheless, George and his mother resisted attempts by the King to marry George to Princess Sophie Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.[16] Sophie Caroline instead married Frederick, Margrave of Bayreuth.[17] The following year, at the age of 22, George succeeded to the throne when his grandfather George II died suddenly on 25 October 1760, at age 76. The search for a suitable wife intensified: after giving consideration to a number of Protestant German princesses, George's mother sent Colonel David Graeme with, on her son's behalf, an offer of marriage to Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Charlotte accepted. While a royal household and staff were assembled for Charlotte in London, Lord Harcourt, the royal Master of the Horse, escorted her from Strelitz to London. Charlotte arrived in the afternoon of 8 September 1761 and the marriage ceremony was conducted that same evening in the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace.[18][d] George and Charlotte's coronation was held at Westminster Abbey a fortnight later on 22 September. George never took a mistress (in contrast with his grandfather and his sons), and the couple enjoyed a happy marriage until his mental illness struck.[1][8] The King and Queen had 15 children—nine sons and six daughters. In 1762, George purchased Buckingham House (on the site now occupied by Buckingham Palace) for use as a family retreat.[20] His other residences were Kew Palace and Windsor Castle. St James's Palace was retained for official use. He did not travel extensively and spent his entire life in southern England. In the 1790s, the King and his family took holidays at Weymouth, Dorset,[21] which he thus popularised as one of the first seaside resorts in England.[22] Early reignEarly regnal yearsFurther information: Great Britain in the Seven Years' WarGeorge, in his accession speech to Parliament, proclaimed: "Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Britain."[23] He inserted this phrase into the speech, written by Lord Hardwicke, to demonstrate his desire to distance himself from his German forebears, who were perceived as caring more for Hanover than for Britain.[24] During George III's lengthy reign, Britain was a constitutional monarchy, ruled by his ministerial government and prominent men in Parliament.[25] Although his accession was at first welcomed by politicians of all parties,[e] the first years of his reign were marked by political instability, largely as a result of disagreements over the Seven Years' War.[27] George came to be perceived as favouring Tory ministers, which led to his denunciation by the Whigs as an autocrat.[1] On his accession, the Crown lands produced relatively little income; most revenue was generated through taxes and excise duties. George surrendered the Crown Estate to Parliamentary control in return for a civil list annuity for the support of his household and the expenses of civil government.[28] Claims that he used the income to reward supporters with bribes and gifts[29] are disputed by historians who say such claims "rest on nothing but falsehoods put out by disgruntled opposition".[30] Debts amounting to over £3 million over the course of George's reign were paid by Parliament, and the civil list annuity was increased from time to time.[31] He aided the Royal Academy of Arts with large grants from his private funds,[32] and may have donated more than half of his personal income to charity.[33] Of his art collection, the two most notable purchases are Johannes Vermeer's Lady at the Virginals and a set of Canalettos, but it is as a collector of books that he is best remembered.[34] The King's Library was open and available to scholars and was the foundation of a new national library.[35] Legislation and politicsQuarter-length portrait in oils of a clean-shaven young George in profile wearing a red suit, the Garter star, a blue sash, and a powdered wig. He has a receding chin and his forehead slopes away from the bridge of his nose making his head look round in shape.Portrait by Allan Ramsay, 1762In May 1762, the incumbent Whig government of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, was replaced with one led by Lord Bute, a Scottish Tory. Bute's opponents worked against him by spreading the calumny that he was having an affair with the King's mother, and by exploiting anti-Scottish sentiment amongst the English.[36] John Wilkes, a member of parliament, published The North Briton, which was both inflammatory and defamatory in its condemnation of Bute and the government. Wilkes was eventually arrested for seditious libel but he fled to France to escape punishment; he was expelled from the House of Commons and found guilty in absentia of blasphemy and libel.[37] In 1763, after concluding the Peace of Paris which ended the war, Lord Bute resigned, allowing the Whigs under George Grenville to return to power. Britain received enormous concessions, including West Florida. Britain restored to France lucrative slave-sugar islands in the West Indies, including Guadeloupe and Martinique. France ceded Canada to Britain, in addition to all land between the Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi River, except New Orleans, which was ceded to Spain.[38] Later that year, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 placed a limit upon the westward expansion of the American colonies and created an Indian reserve. The Proclamation aimed to divert colonial expansion to the north (to Nova Scotia) and to the south (Florida), and protect the British fur trade with the Indians.[39] The Proclamation Line did not bother the majority of settled farmers, but it was unpopular with a vocal minority. This discontent ultimately contributed to conflict between the colonists and the British government.[40] With the American colonists generally unburdened by British taxes, the government thought it appropriate for them to pay towards the defence of the colonies against native uprisings and the possibility of French incursions.[f] The central issue for the colonists was not the amount of taxes but whether Parliament could levy a tax without American approval, for there were no American seats in Parliament.[43] The Americans protested that like all Englishmen they had rights to "no taxation without representation". In 1765, Grenville introduced the Stamp Act, which levied a stamp duty on every document in the British colonies in North America. Since newspapers were printed on stamped paper, those most affected by the introduction of the duty were the most effective at producing propaganda opposing the tax.[44] Meanwhile, George had become exasperated at Grenville's attempts to reduce the King's prerogatives, and tried, unsuccessfully, to persuade William Pitt the Elder to accept the office of prime minister.[45] After a brief illness, which may have presaged his illnesses to come, George settled on Lord Rockingham to form a ministry, and dismissed Grenville.[46] Bust by John van Nost the younger, 1767Lord Rockingham, with the support of Pitt and the King, repealed Grenville's unpopular Stamp Act. Rockingham's government was weak, and he was replaced as prime minister in 1766 by Pitt, whom George created Earl of Chatham. The actions of Lord Chatham and George III in repealing the Act were so popular in America that statues of them both were erected in New York City.[47] Lord Chatham fell ill in 1767, and Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, took over the government. Grafton did not formally become prime minister until 1768. That year, John Wilkes returned to England, stood as a candidate in the general election, and came top of the poll in the Middlesex constituency. Wilkes was again expelled from Parliament. He was re-elected and expelled twice more, before the House of Commons resolved that his candidature was invalid and declared the runner-up as the victor.[48] Grafton's government disintegrated in 1770, allowing the Tories led by Lord North to return to power.[49] Family issues and discontent in AmericaThree-quarter length seated portrait of a clean-shaven George with a fleshy face and white eyebrows wearing a powdered wig.Portrait by Johan Zoffany, 1771George was deeply devout and spent hours in prayer,[50] but his piety was not shared by his brothers. George was appalled by what he saw as their loose morals. In 1770, his brother Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn, was exposed as an adulterer. The following year, Henry married a young widow, Anne Horton. The King considered her inappropriate as a royal bride: she was from a lower social class and German law barred any children of the couple from the Hanoverian succession.[51] George insisted on a new law that essentially forbade members of the royal family from legally marrying without the consent of the sovereign. The subsequent bill was unpopular in Parliament, including among George's own ministers, but passed as the Royal Marriages Act 1772. Shortly afterwards, another of George's brothers, Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, revealed he had been secretly married to Maria, Countess Waldegrave, the illegitimate daughter of Sir Edward Walpole. The news confirmed George's opinion that he had been right to introduce the law: Maria was related to his political opponents. Neither lady was ever received at court.[51] Lord North's government was chiefly concerned with discontent in America. To assuage American opinion most of the custom duties were withdrawn, except for the tea duty, which in George's words was "one tax to keep up the right [to levy taxes]".[52] In 1773, the tea ships moored in Boston Harbor were boarded by colonists and the tea was thrown overboard, an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. In Britain, opinion hardened against the colonists, with Chatham now agreeing with North that the destruction of the tea was "certainly criminal".[53] With the clear support of Parliament, Lord North introduced measures, which were called the Intolerable Acts by the colonists: the Port of Boston was shut down and the charter of Massachusetts was altered so that the upper house of the legislature was appointed by the Crown instead of elected by the lower house.[54] Up to this point, in the words of Professor Peter Thomas, George's "hopes were centred on a political solution, and he always bowed to his cabinet's opinions even when sceptical of their success. The detailed evidence of the years from 1763 to 1775 tends to exonerate George III from any real responsibility for the American Revolution."[55] Though both the Americans and older British historians characterised George as a tyrant, in these years he acted as a constitutional monarch supporting the initiatives of his ministers.[56] American War of IndependenceMain articles: American Revolution and American Revolutionary War Pulling Down the Statue of George III at Bowling Green, 9 July 1776, William Walcutt (1854)The American War of Independence was the culmination of the civil and political American Revolution. In the 1760s, a series of acts by Parliament was met with resistance in Britain's Thirteen Colonies in America. In particular they rejected new taxes levied by Parliament, a body in which they had no direct representation. The colonies had previously enjoyed a high level of autonomy in their internal affairs and viewed Parliament's acts as a denial of their rights as Englishmen.[57] Armed conflict began between British regulars and colonial militiamen at the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775. The Second Continental Congress sent petitions to the Crown for intervention with Parliament, but the King and Parliament ignored them. George declared the American leaders to be traitors and a year of fighting ensued. Thomas Paine's book Common Sense referred to George III as "the Royal Brute of Great Britain".[58] The colonies declared their independence in July 1776, listing twenty-seven grievances against the British king and legislature while asking the support of the populace. Among George's other offenses, the declaration charged, "He has abdicated Government here ... He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people." The gilded equestrian statue of the King in New York was pulled down.[59] The British captured the city in 1776 but lost Boston, and the grand strategic plan of invading from Canada and cutting off New England failed with the surrender of British Lieutenant-General John Burgoyne following the battles of Saratoga.[60] Prime Minister Lord North was not an ideal war leader, but George III managed to give Parliament a sense of purpose to fight, and North was able to keep his cabinet together. North's cabinet ministers the Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, and Lord George Germain, Secretary of State for the Colonies, proved to lack leadership skills suited for their positions.[61] George III is often accused of obstinately trying to keep Great Britain at war with the rebels, despite the opinions of his own ministers.[62] In the words of British historian George Otto Trevelyan, the King was determined "never to acknowledge the independence of the Americans, and to punish their contumacy by the indefinite prolongation of a war which promised to be eternal."[63] He wanted to "keep the rebels harassed, anxious, and poor, until the day when, by a natural and inevitable process, discontent and disappointment were converted into penitence and remorse".[64] Later historians defend George by saying that, in the context of the times, no king would willingly surrender such a large territory,[8][65] and his conduct was far less ruthless than contemporaneous monarchs in Europe.[66] After Saratoga, both Parliament and the British people were in favour of the war; recruitment ran at high levels and political opponents, though vocal, remained a small minority.[8][67] Portrait by Johann Heinrich von Hurter [de], 1781 (Royal Collection)With the setbacks in America, Lord North asked to transfer power to Lord Chatham, whom he thought more capable, but George refused to do so; he suggested instead that Chatham serve as a subordinate minister in North's administration, but Chatham refused; he died later in the same year.[68] North was allied to the "King's Friends" in Parliament and believed that George III had the right to exercise powers.[69] In early 1778, Louis XVI of France (Britain's chief rival) signed a treaty of alliance with the United States.[70] The French fleet outran the British naval blockade of the Mediterranean and sailed to America.[70] The conflict now affected America, Europe, and India.[70] Charles III of Spain had misgivings because of his own colonies but decided to side with France in the war in limited fashion in 1779.[71] One faction of the Dutch Republic aided the Americans, whereas another aided Britain, whose allies included Loyalists and German auxiliaries. Lord Gower and Lord Weymouth both resigned from the government. Lord North again requested that he also be allowed to resign, but he stayed in office at George III's insistence.[72] During the summer of 1779, a combined French-Spanish naval fleet threatened to invade England and transport 31,000 French troops across the English Channel. George III said that Britain was confronted by the "most serious crisis the nation ever knew". In August, 66 warships entered the English channel, but sickness, hunger, and adverse winds forced the French-Spanish armada to withdraw, ending the invasion threat.[73] In late 1779, George III advocated sending more British warships and troops across the Atlantic to the West Indies. He boldly said: "We must risk something, otherwise we will only vegetate in this war. I own I wish either with spirit to get through it, or with a crash be ruined." In January 1780, 7,000 British troops under General Sir John Vaughan were transported to the West Indies.[74] Nonetheless, opposition to the costly war was increasing, and in June 1780 contributed to disturbances in London known as the Gordon riots.[75] As late as the siege of Charleston in 1780, Loyalists could still believe in their eventual victory, as British troops inflicted defeats on the Continental forces at the Battle of Camden and the Battle of Guilford Court House.[76] In late 1781, the news of Lord Cornwallis's surrender at the siege of Yorktown reached London; North's parliamentary support ebbed away and he resigned the following year. George drafted an abdication notice, which was never delivered.[65][77] He finally accepted the defeat in America and authorized peace negotiations. Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States in the Treaties of Paris signed in 1782 and 1783.[78] In early 1783, George III privately conceded "America is lost!" He reflected that the Northern colonies had developed into Britain's "successful rivals" in commercial trade and fishing.[79] Up to 70,000 Loyalists fled to Canada, the Caribbean, or England.[80] John Adams was appointed American minister to London in 1785, by which time George had become resigned to the new relationship between his country and the former colonies. He told Adams, "I was the last to consent to the separation; but the separation having been made and having become inevitable, I have always said, as I say now, that I would be the first to meet the friendship of the United States as an independent power."[81] Mid reignGovernmentCentre: George III, drawn as a paunchy man with pockets bulging with gold coins, receives a wheel-barrow filled with money-bags from William Pitt, whose pockets also overflow with coin. To the left, a quadriplegic veteran begs on the street. To the right, George, Prince of Wales, is depicted dressed in rags.In A new way to pay the National Debt (1786), James Gillray caricatured King George III and Queen Charlotte awash with treasury funds to cover royal debts, with Pitt handing him another money bag.With the collapse of Lord North's ministry in 1782, the Whig Lord Rockingham became prime minister for the second time, but died within months. The King then appointed Lord Shelburne to replace him. Charles James Fox, however, refused to serve under Shelburne, and demanded the appointment of William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland. In 1783, the House of Commons forced Shelburne from office and his government was replaced by the Fox–North Coalition. Portland became prime minister, with Fox and Lord North, as foreign secretary and home secretary respectively.[8] The King disliked Fox intensely, for his politics as well as his character: he thought Fox unprincipled and a bad influence on the Prince of Wales.[82] George III was distressed at having to appoint ministers not of his liking, but the Portland ministry quickly built up a majority in the House of Commons, and could not be displaced easily. He was further dismayed when the government introduced the India Bill, which proposed to reform the government of India by transferring political power from the East India Company to Parliamentary commissioners.[83] Although George actually favoured greater control over the company, the proposed commissioners were all political allies of Fox.[84] Immediately after the House of Commons passed it, George authorised Lord Temple to inform the House of Lords that he would regard any peer who voted for the bill as his enemy. The bill was rejected by the Lords; three days later, the Portland ministry was dismissed, and William Pitt the Younger was appointed prime minister, with Temple as his secretary of state. On 17 December 1783, Parliament voted in favour of a motion condemning the influence of the monarch in parliamentary voting as a "high crime" and Temple was forced to resign. Temple's departure destabilised the government, and three months later the government lost its majority and Parliament was dissolved; the subsequent election gave Pitt a firm mandate.[8] Imaginary garden scene with birds of paradise, vines laden with grapes, and architectural columns. The two young princesses and their baby sister wear fine dresses and play with three spaniels and a tambourine.The Three Youngest Daughters of King George III by John Singleton Copley, c. 1785, depicting: Princesses Mary (left with tambourine), Sophia (upper right), and Amelia (baby).Pitt's appointment was a great victory for George. It proved that the King could appoint prime ministers on the basis of his own interpretation of the public mood without having to follow the choice of the current majority in the House of Commons. Throughout Pitt's ministry, George supported many of Pitt's political aims and created new peers at an unprecedented rate to increase the number of Pitt's supporters in the House of Lords.[85] During and after Pitt's ministry, George was extremely popular in Britain.[86] The British people admired him for his piety and for remaining faithful to his wife.[87] He was fond of his children and was devastated at the death of two of his sons in infancy, in 1782 and 1783 respectively.[88] Nevertheless, he set his children a strict regimen. They were expected to attend rigorous lessons from seven in the morning and to lead lives of religious observance and virtue.[89] When his children strayed from George's principles of righteousness, as his sons did as young adults, he was dismayed and disappointed.[90] IllnessGold coin bearing the profile of a round-headed George wearing a classical Roman-style haircut and a laurel wreath.Gold guinea of George III, 1789By this time, George's health was deteriorating. He had a mental illness characterised by acute mania. Until the mid-20th century, the King's illness was generally considered to be psychological. In 1966, a study by Ida Macalpine and Richard Hunter suggested that the illness was physiological, caused by the liver disorder porphyria.[91] Although meeting with some contemporary opposition,[92] the view gained widespread scholarly acceptance.[93] A study of samples of George's hair published in 2005 revealed high levels of arsenic, a cause of metabolic blood disorders and thus a possible trigger for porphyria. The source of the arsenic is not known, but it could have been a component of medicines or cosmetics.[94] The theory was also established in the public mind through influential dramatisations, such as Alan Bennett's play The Madness of George III, and in Nicholas Hytner's subsequent film. From 2010 this view has been increasingly challenged, and Macalpine and Hunter's study criticised.[95][96][97] Recent scholarship discounts the porphyria theory and contends that George's illness was psychiatric, most probably bipolar disorder.[98] George may have had a brief episode of disease in 1765, and a longer episode began in the summer of 1788. At the end of the parliamentary session, he went to Cheltenham Spa to recuperate and in August visited the Bishop of Worcester at Hartlebury Castle[99] and Viscount Mount Edgcumbe at Cotehele, Cornwall, with the Queen, and their daughters the Princess Royal and Princesses Augusta and Elizabeth.[100] It was the furthest he had ever been from London, but his condition worsened. In November of that year, he became seriously deranged, sometimes speaking for many hours without pause, causing him to foam at the mouth and his voice to become hoarse. George would frequently repeat himself and write sentences with over 400 words at a time, and his vocabulary became "more complex, creative and colourful", possible symptoms of bipolar disorder.[101] His doctors were largely at a loss to explain his illness, and spurious stories about his condition spread, such as the claim that he had shaken hands with a tree in the mistaken belief that it was the King of Prussia.[102] Treatment for mental illness was primitive by modern standards; George's doctors, who included Francis Willis, treated the King by forcibly restraining him until he was calm, or applying caustic poultices to draw out "evil humours".[103] In the reconvened Parliament, Fox and Pitt wrangled over the terms of a regency during the King's incapacity. While both agreed that it would be most reasonable for the Prince of Wales to act as regent, Fox suggested, to Pitt's consternation, that it was the Prince's absolute right to act on his ill father's behalf with full powers. Pitt, fearing he would be removed from office if the Prince of Wales were empowered, argued that it was for Parliament to nominate a regent, and wanted to restrict the regent's authority.[104] In February 1789, the Regency Bill, authorising the Prince of Wales to act as regent, was introduced and passed in the House of Commons, but before the House of Lords could pass the bill, George recovered.[105] Later reignWar in EuropeGeorge wearing the red jacket of an 1800 British army general with the star of the Order of the Garter, white breeches, black knee-high boots, and a black bicorne hat. Behind him a groom holds a horse.Portrait by Sir William Beechey, 1799/1800A span-high Napoleon stands on the outstretched hand of a full-size George III, who peers at him through a spy-glass.Caricature by James Gillray of George holding Napoleon in the palm of his hand, 1803After George's recovery, his popularity, and that of Pitt, continued to increase at the expense of Fox and the Prince of Wales.[106] His humane and understanding treatment of two insane assailants, Margaret Nicholson in 1786 and John Frith in 1790, contributed to his popularity.[107] James Hadfield's failed attempt to shoot George in the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, on 15 May 1800 was not political in origin but motivated by the apocalyptic delusions of Hadfield and Bannister Truelock. George seemed unperturbed by the incident, so much so that he fell asleep in the interval.[108] The French Revolution of 1789, in which the French monarchy had been overthrown, worried many British landowners. France declared war on Great Britain in 1793; in response to the crisis, George allowed Pitt to increase taxes, raise armies, and suspend the right of habeas corpus. Pitt prosecuted British radicals for treason in 1794, and in October 1795, crowds attacked George's carriage on his way to opening Parliament, demanding an end to the war and lower bread prices. In response, Parliament passed the Treason and Seditious Meetings Acts a month later.[109] The First Coalition to oppose revolutionary France, which included Austria, Prussia, and Spain, broke up in 1795 when Prussia and Spain made separate peace with France.[110] The Second Coalition, which included Austria, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire, was defeated in 1800. Only Great Britain was left fighting Napoleon Bonaparte, the First Consul of the French Republic. A brief lull in hostilities allowed Pitt to concentrate effort on Ireland, where there had been an uprising and attempted French landing in 1798.[111] In 1800, the British and Irish Parliaments passed an Act of Union that took effect on 1 January 1801 and united Great Britain and Ireland into a single state, known as the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". George used the opportunity to abandon the title "king of France", which English and British sovereigns had maintained since the reign of Edward III.[112] It was suggested that George adopt the title "Emperor of the British Isles", but he refused.[8] As part of his Irish policy, Pitt planned to remove certain legal disabilities that applied to Roman Catholics. George III claimed that to emancipate Catholics would be to violate his coronation oath, in which sovereigns promise to maintain Protestantism.[113] Faced with opposition to his religious reform policies from both the King and the British public, Pitt threatened to resign.[114] At about the same time, George had a relapse of his previous illness, which he blamed on worry over the Catholic question.[115] On 14 March 1801, Pitt was formally replaced by the Speaker of the House of Commons, Henry Addington. Addington opposed emancipation, instituted annual accounts, abolished income tax and began a programme of disarmament. In October 1801, he made peace with the French, and in 1802 signed the Treaty of Amiens.[116] George did not consider the peace with France as real; in his view it was an "experiment".[117] The war resumed in 1803, but public opinion distrusted Addington to lead the nation in war, and instead favoured Pitt. An invasion of England by Napoleon seemed imminent, and a massive volunteer movement arose to defend England against the French. George's review of 27,000 volunteers in Hyde Park, London, on 26 and 28 October 1803 and at the height of the invasion scare, attracted an estimated 500,000 spectators on each day.[118] The Times said: "The enthusiasm of the multitude was beyond all expression."[119] A courtier wrote on 13 November that "The King is really prepared to take the field in case of attack, his beds are ready and he can move at half an hour's warning."[120] George wrote to his friend Bishop Hurd, "We are here in daily expectation that Bonaparte will attempt his threatened invasion ... Should his troops effect a landing, I shall certainly put myself at the head of mine, and my other armed subjects, to repel them."[121] After Admiral Lord Nelson's famous naval victory at the Battle of Trafalgar, the possibility of invasion was extinguished.[122] The King, his face obscured by a pillar, kicks out at the behinds of a group of well-fed ministers.In A Kick at the Broad-Bottoms! (1807), James Gillray caricatured George's dismissal of the Ministry of All the Talents.In 1804, George's recurrent illness returned; after his recovery, Addington resigned and Pitt regained power. Pitt sought to appoint Fox to his ministry, but George refused. Lord Grenville perceived an injustice to Fox, and refused to join the new ministry.[8] Pitt concentrated on forming a coalition with Austria, Russia, and Sweden. This Third Coalition, however, met the same fate as the First and Second Coalitions, collapsing in 1805. The setbacks in Europe took a toll on Pitt's health, and he died in 1806, reopening the question of who should serve in the ministry. Grenville became prime minister, and his "Ministry of All the Talents" included Fox. Grenville pushed through the Slave Trade Act 1807, which passed both houses of Parliament with large majorities.[123] George was conciliatory towards Fox, after being forced to capitulate over his appointment. After Fox's death in September 1806, the King and ministry were in open conflict. To boost recruitment, the ministry proposed a measure in February 1807 whereby Roman Catholics would be allowed to serve in all ranks of the armed forces. George instructed them not only to drop the measure, but also to agree never to set up such a measure again. The ministers agreed to drop the measure then pending, but refused to bind themselves in the future.[124] They were dismissed and replaced by the Duke of Portland, as the nominal prime minister, with actual power being held by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Spencer Perceval. Parliament was dissolved, and the subsequent election gave the ministry a strong majority in the House of Commons. George III made no further major political decisions during his reign; the replacement of Portland by Perceval in 1809 was of little real significance.[125] Final yearsMonochrome profile of elderly George with a long white beardEngraving by Henry Meyer, 1817, depicting an elderly GeorgeIn late 1810, at the height of his popularity,[126] King George, already virtually blind with cataracts and in pain from rheumatism, suffered a relapse into his mental disorder and became dangerously ill. In his view, the malady had been triggered by stress over the death of his youngest and favourite daughter, Princess Amelia.[127] The princess's nurse reported that "the scenes of distress and crying every day ... were melancholy beyond description."[128] George accepted the need for the Regency Act 1811,[129] and the Prince of Wales (later George IV) acted as regent for the remainder of the King's life. Despite signs of a recovery in May 1811, by the end of the year, George III had become permanently insane, and lived in seclusion at Windsor Castle until his death.[130] Prime Minister Spencer Perceval was assassinated in 1812 and was replaced by Lord Liverpool. Liverpool oversaw British victory in the Napoleonic Wars. The subsequent Congress of Vienna led to significant territorial gains for Hanover, which was elevated from an electorate to a kingdom. Meanwhile, George's health deteriorated. He developed dementia, and became completely blind and increasingly deaf. He was incapable of knowing or understanding that he was declared King of Hanover in 1814, or that his wife died in 1818.[131] At Christmas 1819, he spoke nonsense for 58 hours, and for the last few weeks of his life was unable to walk.[132] He died of pneumonia at Windsor Castle at 8:38 pm on 29 January 1820, six days after the death of his fourth son Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn.[133] His favourite son, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, was with him.[134] George III lay in state for two days, and his funeral and interment took place on 16 February in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[133][135][136] Slavery Dunmore's Proclamation, by the King's authority, set free Rebel slaves.Over the course of George's reign, a coalition of abolitionists and Atlantic slave uprisings caused the British public to spurn slavery. According to the historian Andrew Roberts, "George never bought or sold a slave in his life. He never invested in any of the companies that did such a thing. He signed legislation to abolish slavery." George wrote a document in the 1750s "denouncing all of the arguments for slavery, and calling them an execration and ridiculous and 'absurd',"[137] but the King and his son, the Duke of Clarence, supported the efforts of the London Society of West India Planters and Merchants to delay the abolition of the British slave trade for almost 20 years.[138][139] William Pitt the Younger conversely wished to see slavery abolished but, because the cabinet was divided and the King was in the pro-slavery camp,[123] Pitt decided to refrain from making abolition official government policy. Instead, he worked toward abolition in an individual capacity.[140] On 7 November 1775, during the American War of Independence, John Murray, Lord Dunmore, issued a proclamation that offered freedom to the slaves of Rebel masters if they enlisted to put down the colonial rebellion. Dunmore was the last Royal Governor of Virginia, appointed by King George III in July 1771. Dunmore's Proclamation inspired slaves to escape from captivity and fight for the British. On 30 June 1779, George III's Commanding General Henry Clinton broadened Dunmore's proclamation with his Philipsburg Proclamation. For all colonial slaves who fled their Rebel masters, Clinton forbade their recapture and resale, giving them protection by the British military. Approximately 20,000 freed slaves joined the British, fighting for George III. In 1783, given British certificates of freedom, 3,000 former slaves, including their families, settled in Nova Scotia.[141] Between 1791 and 1800, almost 400,000 Africans were shipped to the Americas, by 1,340 slaving voyages, mounted from British ports, including Liverpool and Bristol. On 25 March 1807 George III signed into law An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, under which the transatlantic slave trade was banned in the British Empire.[142] LegacyGeorge was succeeded by two of his sons, George IV and William IV in turn, who both died without surviving legitimate children, leaving the throne to Victoria, the only legitimate child of his fourth son Prince Edward. George III lived for 81 years and 239 days, and reigned for 59 years and 96 days: both his life and his reign were longer than those of any of his predecessors and subsequent kings; only queens Victoria and Elizabeth II lived and reigned longer. Extract from Observations on the Transit of Venus, a manuscript notebook from the collections of George III, showing George, Charlotte and those attending them.George III was dubbed "Farmer George" by satirists, at first to mock his interest in mundane matters rather than politics, but later to portray him as a man of the people, contrasting his homely thrift with his son's grandiosity.[143] Under George III, the British Agricultural Revolution reached its peak and great advances were made in fields such as science and industry. There was unprecedented growth in the rural population, which in turn provided much of the workforce for the concurrent Industrial Revolution.[144] George's collection of mathematical and scientific instruments is now owned by King's College London but housed in the Science Museum, London, to which it has been on long-term loan since 1927. He had the King's Observatory built in Richmond-upon-Thames for his own observations of the 1769 transit of Venus. When William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781, he at first named it Georgium Sidus (George's Star) after the King, who later funded the construction and maintenance of Herschel's 1785 40-foot telescope, which at the time was the biggest ever built. George III hoped that "the tongue of malice may not paint my intentions in those colours she admires, nor the sycophant extoll me beyond what I deserve"[145] but, in the popular mind, George III has been both demonised and praised. While very popular at the start of his reign, by the mid-1770s George had lost the loyalty of revolutionary American colonists,[146] though it has been estimated that as many as half of the colonists remained loyal.[147] The grievances in the United States Declaration of Independence were presented as "repeated injuries and usurpations" that he had committed to establish an "absolute Tyranny" over the colonies. The declaration's wording has contributed to the American public's perception of George as a tyrant. Contemporary accounts of George III's life fall into two camps: one demonstrating "attitudes dominant in the latter part of the reign, when the King had become a revered symbol of national resistance to French ideas and French power", while the other "derived their views of the King from the bitter partisan strife of the first two decades of the reign, and they expressed in their works the views of the opposition".[148] Building on the latter of these two assessments, British historians of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, such as Trevelyan and Erskine May, promoted hostile interpretations of George III's life. However, in the mid-twentieth century the work of Lewis Namier, who thought George was "much maligned", started a re-evaluation of the man and his reign.[149] Scholars of the later twentieth century, such as Butterfield and Pares, and Macalpine and Hunter,[150] are inclined to treat George sympathetically, seeing him as a victim of circumstance and illness. Butterfield rejected the arguments of his Victorian predecessors with withering disdain: "Erskine May must be a good example of the way in which an historian may fall into error through an excess of brilliance. His capacity for synthesis, and his ability to dovetail the various parts of the evidence ... carried him into a more profound and complicated elaboration of error than some of his more pedestrian predecessors ... he inserted a doctrinal element into his history which, granted his original aberrations, was calculated to project the lines of his error, carrying his work still further from centrality or truth."[151] In pursuing war with the American colonists, George III believed he was defending the right of an elected Parliament to levy taxes, rather than seeking to expand his own power or prerogatives.[152] In the opinion of modern scholars, during the long reign of George III, the monarchy continued to lose its political power and grew as the embodiment of national morality.[8] Titles, styles, honours and armsTitles and styles4 June 1738 – 31 March 1751: His Royal Highness Prince George[153]31 March 1751 – 20 April 1751: His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh20 April 1751 – 25 October 1760: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820: His Majesty The KingIn Great Britain, George III used the official style "George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and so forth". In 1801, when Great Britain united with Ireland, he dropped the title of king of France, which had been used for every English monarch since Edward III's claim to the French throne in the medieval period.[112] His style became "George the Third, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith."[154] In Germany, he was "Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg, Arch-Treasurer and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire" (Herzog von Braunschweig und Lüneburg, Erzschatzmeister und Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen Reiches[155]) until the end of the empire in 1806. He then continued as duke until the Congress of Vienna declared him "King of Hanover" in 1814.[154] Honours Great Britain: Royal Knight of the Garter, 22 June 1749[156] Ireland: Founder of the Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick, 5 February 1783[157]ArmsBefore his succession, George was granted the royal arms differenced by a label of five points Azure, the centre point bearing a fleur-de-lis Or on 27 July 1749. Upon his father's death, and along with the dukedom of Edinburgh and the position of heir-apparent, he inherited his difference of a plain label of three points Argent. In an additional difference, the crown of Charlemagne was not usually depicted on the arms of the heir, only on the Sovereign's.[158] From his succession until 1800, George bore the royal arms: Quarterly, I Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England) impaling Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); II Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); IV tierced per pale and per chevron (for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg), III Gules a horse courant Argent (for Saxony), overall an escutcheon Gules charged with the crown of Charlemagne Or (for the dignity of Archtreasurer of the Holy Roman Empire).[159][160] Following the Acts of Union 1800, the royal arms were amended, dropping the French quartering. They became: Quarterly, I and IV England; II Scotland; III Ireland; overall an escutcheon of Hanover surmounted by an electoral bonnet.[161] In 1816, after the Electorate of Hanover became a kingdom, the electoral bonnet was changed to a crown.[162] Coat of arms from 1749 to 1751Coat of arms from 1749 to 1751 Coat of arms from 1751 to 1760 as Prince of WalesCoat of arms from 1751 to 1760 as Prince of Wales Coat of arms used from 1760 to 1801 as King of Great BritainCoat of arms used from 1760 to 1801 as King of Great Britain Coat of arms used from 1801 to 1816 as King of the United KingdomCoat of arms used from 1801 to 1816 as King of the United Kingdom Coat of arms used from 1816 until death, also as King of HanoverCoat of arms used from 1816 until death, also as King of HanoverIssueSee also: Descendants of George IIIBritish RoyaltyHouse of HanoverQuarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent; overall an escutcheon tierced per pale and per chevron, I Gules two lions passant guardant Or, II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure, III Gules a horse courant Argent, the whole inescutcheon surmounted by crownGeorge IIIChildrenGeorge IVPrince Frederick, Duke of York and AlbanyWilliam IVCharlotte, Princess Royal and Queen of WürttembergPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and StrathearnPrincess Augusta SophiaElizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-HomburgErnest Augustus I of HanoverPrince Augustus Frederick, Duke of SussexPrince Adolphus, Duke of CambridgePrincess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and EdinburghPrincess SophiaPrince OctaviusPrince AlfredPrincess AmeliaGrandchildrenCharlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-SaalfeldPrincess Charlotte of ClarencePrincess Elizabeth of ClarenceVictoriaPrincess Frederica of CumberlandGeorge V of HanoverPrince George, Duke of CambridgeAugusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-StrelitzPrincess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of TeckGreat-grandchildrenErnest Augustus, Crown Prince of HanoverFrederica, Baroness Alfons of Pawel-RammingenPrincess Marie of HanoverGreat-great-grandchildrenMarie Louise, Margravine of BadenGeorge William, Hereditary Prince of HanoverAlexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-SchwerinPrincess Olga of Hanover and CumberlandPrince Christian of Hanover and CumberlandErnest Augustus, Duke of BrunswickGreat-great-great-grandchildrenErnest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of BrunswickPrince George William of Hanover and CumberlandFrederica, Queen of the HellenesvteNameBirthDeathNotes[163]George IV12 August 176226 June 1830Prince of Wales 1762–1820; married 1795, Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; had one daughter: Princess CharlottePrince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany16 August 17635 January 1827Married 1791, Princess Frederica of Prussia; no issueWilliam IV21 August 176520 June 1837Duke of Clarence and St Andrews; married 1818, Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen; no surviving legitimate issue, but had illegitimate children with Dorothea JordanCharlotte, Princess Royal29 September 17666 October 1828Married 1797, King Frederick of Württemberg; no surviving issuePrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn2 November 176723 January 1820Married 1818, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld; had one daughter: Queen VictoriaPrincess Augusta Sophia8 November 176822 September 1840Never married, no issuePrincess Elizabeth22 May 177010 January 1840Married 1818, Frederick VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg; no issueErnest Augustus, King of Hanover5 June 177118 November 1851Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 1799–1851; married 1815, Princess Friederike of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; had one son: George V of HanoverPrince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex27 January 177321 April 1843(1) Married 1793, in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, Lady Augusta Murray; had issue; marriage annulled 1794(2) Married 1831, Lady Cecilia Buggin (later Duchess of Inverness in her own right); no issuePrince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge24 February 17748 July 1850Married 1818, Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel; had issuePrincess Mary25 April 177630 April 1857Married 1816, Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh; no issuePrincess Sophia3 November 177727 May 1848Never married, no issuePrince Octavius23 February 17793 May 1783Died in childhoodPrince Alfred22 September 178020 August 1782Died in childhoodPrincess Amelia7 August 17832 November 1810Never married, no issueAncestryAncestors of George III[164]See alsoCultural depictions of George IIIList of mentally ill monarchsNotes King of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801, after the Acts of Union 1800 King from 12 October 1814 All dates in this article are in the New Style Gregorian calendar. George was born on 24 May in the Old Style Julian calendar used in Great Britain until 1752. George was falsely said to have married Hannah Lightfoot, a Quaker, on 17 April 1759, prior to his marriage to Charlotte, and to have had at least one child by her. However, Lightfoot had married Isaac Axford in 1753, and had died in or before 1759, so there could have been no legal marriage or children. The jury at the 1866 trial of Lavinia Ryves, the daughter of imposter Olivia Serres who pretended to be "Princess Olive of Cumberland", unanimously found that a supposed marriage certificate produced by Ryves was a forgery.[19] For example, the letters of Horace Walpole written at the time of the accession defended George but Walpole's later memoirs were hostile.[26] An American taxpayer would pay a maximum of sixpence a year, compared to an average of twenty-five shillings (50 times as much) in England.[41] In 1763, the total revenue from America amounted to about £1 800, while the estimated annual cost of the military in America was put at £225 000. By 1767, it had risen to £400 000.[42]References "George III". Official website of the British monarchy. Royal Household. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2016. Brooke, p. 314; Fraser, p. 277. Hibbert, p. 8. The Third Register Book of the Parish of St James in the Liberty of Westminster For Births & Baptisms. 1723–1741. 24 May 1738. "No. 7712". The London Gazette. 20 June 1738. p. 2. Brooke, pp. 23–41. Brooke, pp. 42–44, 55. Cannon, John (September 2004). "George III (1738–1820)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10540. Retrieved 29 October 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (Subscription required). Sedgwick, pp. ix–x. "No. 9050". The London Gazette. 16 April 1751. p. 1. Hibbert, pp. 3–15. Brooke, pp. 51–52; Hibbert, pp. 24–25. Bullion, John L. (2004). "Augusta, princess of Wales (1719–1772)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/46829. Retrieved 17 September 2008 (Subscription required): "George III adopted the moral standards she tried to teach." Ayling, p. 33. Ayling, p. 54; Brooke, pp. 71–72. Ayling, pp. 36–37; Brooke, p. 49; Hibbert, p. 31. Benjamin, p. 62. Hadlow, Janice (2014). A royal experiment : the private life of King George III. New York: Holt. pp. 139–148. 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ISBN 978-3643900043 – via Google Books. Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 44. Shaw, p. ix. Velde, François (5 August 2013). "Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family". Heraldica. Retrieved 25 December 2021. See, for example, Berry, William (1810). An introduction to heraldry containing the rudiments of the science. pp. 110–111. Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974). The Royal Heraldry of England. Heraldry Today. Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press. pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-0-900455-25-4. "No. 15324". The London Gazette. 30 December 1800. p. 2. "No. 17149". The London Gazette. 29 June 1816. p. 1. Kiste, John Van der (19 January 2004). George III's Children. The History Press. p. 205. ISBN 9780750953825. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 4.BibliographyAyling, Stanley Edward (1972). George the Third. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-211412-7.Benjamin, Lewis Saul (1907). Farmer George. Pitman and Sons.Baer, Marc (22 December 2021). "George III (1738–1820)". Encyclopedia Virginia.Black, Jeremy (2006). George III: America's Last King. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11732-9.Brooke, John (1972). King George III. London: Constable. ISBN 0-09-456110-9.Bullion, John L. (1994). "George III on Empire, 1783". The William and Mary Quarterly. 51 (2). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 305–310. doi:10.2307/2946866. JSTOR 2946866.Butterfield, Herbert (1957). George III and the Historians. London: Collins.Cannon, John (2004). "George III (1738–1820)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10540. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)Cannon, John; Griffiths, Ralph (1988). The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822786-8.Carretta, Vincent (1990). George III and the Satirists from Hogarth to Byron. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-1146-4.Chernow, Ron (2010). Washington: A Life. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-266-7.Colley, Linda (2005). Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300107595.Fraser, Antonia (1975). The Lives of the Kings and Queen of England. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-76911-1.Hibbert, Christopher (1999). George III: A Personal History. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-025737-3.Medley, Dudley Julius (1902). A Student's Manual of English Constitutional History. p. 501.O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson (2013). The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300191073.Pares, Richard (1953). King George III and the Politicians. Oxford University Press.Reitan, E. A., ed. (1964). George III, Tyrant Or Constitutional Monarch?. Boston: D. C. Heath and Company. A compilation of essays encompassing the major assessments of George III up to 1964.Roberts, Andrew (2023). George III: The Life and Reign of Britain's Most Misunderstood Monarch. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-141-99146-7. OCLC 1334883294.Röhl, John C. G.; Warren, Martin; Hunt, David (1998). Purple Secret: Genes, "Madness" and the Royal Houses of Europe. London: Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-04148-8.Sedgwick, Romney, ed. (1903). Letters from George III to Lord Bute, 1756–1766. Macmillan.Simms, Brendan; Riotte, Torsten (2007). The Hanoverian Dimension in British History, 1714–1837. Cambridge University Press.Taylor, Alan (2016). American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-35476-8.Thomas, Peter D. G. (1985). "George III and the American Revolution". History. 70 (228): 16–31. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1985.tb02477.x.Trevelyan, George (1912). George the Third and Charles Fox: The Concluding Part of the American Revolution. New York: Longmans, Green.Watson, J. Steven (1960). The Reign of George III, 1760–1815. London: Oxford University Press.Weir, Alison (1996). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy (Revised ed.). London: Random House. ISBN 0-7126-7448-9.Wheeler, H. F. B.; Broadley, A. M. (1908). Napoleon and the Invasion of England. Volume I. London: John Lane The Bodley Head.Willcox, William B.; Arnstein, Walter L. (1988). The Age of Aristocracy 1688 to 1830 (Fifth ed.). D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN 0-669-13423-6.Further readingBlack, Jeremy (1996). "Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence?". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 74 (299): 145–154. JSTOR 44225322. Online 90-minute video lecture given at Ohio State in 2006; requires Real Player.Butterfield, Herbert (1965). "Some Reflections on the Early Years of George III's Reign". Journal of British Studies. 4 (2): 78–101. doi:10.1086/385501. JSTOR 175147. S2CID 162958860.Ditchfield, G. M. (31 October 2002). George III: An Essay in Monarchy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-0333919620.Golding, Christopher T. (2017). At Water's Edge: Britain, Napoleon, and the World, 1793–1815. Temple University Press.Hadlow, Janice (2014). A Royal Experiment: The Private Life of King George III. Henry Holt and Company.Hecht, J. Jean (1966). "The Reign of George III in Recent Historiography". In Furber, Elizabeth Chapin (ed.). Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939. Harvard University Press. pp. 206–234.Macalpine, Ida; Hunter, Richard (1966). "The 'insanity' of King George III: a classic case of porphyria". Br. Med. J. 1 (5479): 65–71. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5479.65. PMC 1843211. PMID 5323262.Macalpine, I.; Hunter, R.; Rimington, C. (1968). "Porphyria in the Royal Houses of Stuart, Hanover, and Prussia". British Medical Journal. 1 (5583): 7–18. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5583.7. PMC 1984936. PMID 4866084.Namier, Lewis B. (1955). "King George III: A Study in Personality". Personalities and Power. London: Hamish Hamilton.O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson (Spring 2004). "'If Others Will Not Be Active, I Must Drive': George III and the American Revolution". Early American Studies. 2 (1): iii, 1–46. doi:10.1353/eam.2007.0037. S2CID 143613757.Roberts, Andrew (2021). The Last King of America: The Misunderstood Reign of George III. Viking Press. ISBN 978-1984879264.Robertson, Charles Grant (1911). England under the Hanoverians. London: Methuen.Robson, Eric (1952). "The American Revolution Reconsidered". History Today. 2 (2): 126–132. British viewsSmith, Robert A. (1984). "Reinterpreting the Reign of George III". In Schlatter, Richard (ed.). Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966. Rutgers University Press. pp. 197–254.External linksGeorge IIIat Wikipedia's sister projectsDefinitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityGeorge III at the official website of the British monarchyGeorge III at the official website of the Royal Collection TrustGeorge III at BBC HistoryPortraits of King George III at the National Portrait Gallery, London Edit this at WikidataGeorgian Papers ProgrammeGeorge III papers, including references to madhouses and insanity from the Historic Psychiatry Collection, Menninger Archives, Kansas Historical SocietyNewspaper clippings about George III in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW"Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates". slavevoyages.org.George IIIHouse of HanoverCadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 4 June 1738 Died: 29 January 1820Regnal titlesPreceded byGeorge IIKing of Great Britain and Ireland25 October 1760 – 31 December 1800Acts of Union 1800Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg25 October 1760 – 12 October 1814Congress of ViennaActs of Union 1800King of the United Kingdom1 January 1801 – 29 January 1820Succeeded byGeorge IVCongress of ViennaKing of Hanover12 October 1814 – 29 January 1820British royaltyPreceded byFrederickPrince of Wales1751–1760VacantTitle next held byGeorge (IV)Peerage of Great BritainPreceded byPrince FrederickDuke of Edinburgh1st creation1751–1760Merged with the CrownTitles in pretencePreceded byGeorge II— TITULAR —King of France25 October 1760 – 31 December 1800Title abandonedArticles and topics related to George III of the United KingdomvteGeorge IIIKing of the United Kingdom and HanoverFamilyCharlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (wife)George IV, King of the United Kingdom (son)Frederick, Duke of York and Albany (son)William IV, King of the United Kingdom (son)Charlotte, Princess Royal (daughter)Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (son)Augusta (daughter)Elizabeth (daughter)Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover (son)Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex (son)Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (son)Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh (daughter)Sophia (daughter)Octavius (son)Alfred (son)Amelia (daughter)Frederick, Prince of Wales (father)Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (mother)Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (sister)Edward, Duke of York and Albany (brother)Princess Elizabeth (sister)William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh (brother)Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn (brother)Princess Louisa (sister)Prince Frederick (brother)Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway (sister)DescendantsReignCoronationSeven Years' WarRoyal Proclamation of 1763Royal Marriages Act 1772American Revolution American Revolutionary WarFrench Revolutionary WarsIrish Rebellion of 1798Acts of Union 1800Treaty of AmiensNapoleonic WarsGolden Jubilee Jubilee RockRegency Act 1811 Regency eraCulturaldepictionsPaintingsCoronation Portrait of George III (1762)George III and the Prince of Wales Reviewing Troops (1798)Portrait of George III (1809)Public sculpturesMontreal (1773)Somerset House, London (c. 1778–1789)Weymouth (1809)Windsor Great Park (1831)Theatre, film,radio andtelevisionAmerica (1924, film)The Young Mr. Pitt (1942, film)Mrs. Fitzherbert (1947, film)Eight Songs for a Mad King (1969, music theatre)Barry Lyndon (1975, film)The Adams Chronicles (1976, TV)Prince Regent (1979, TV)In the Ruins (1984, radio play)Blackadder the Third "Duel and Duality" (1987, TV)The Madness of George III (1991, play)The Madness of King George (1994, film)Longitude (2000, TV)John Adams (2008, TV)Hamilton: An American Musical (2015, musical)Mr Foote's Other Leg (2015, play)Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story (2023, TV)Books and poemsJonathan Strange & Mr Norrell (2004)Victory of Eagles (2008)RelatedKing's LibraryKing's manuscripts, British LibraryKing's ObservatoryMargaret NicholsonJohn FrithJames HadfieldHouse of HanoverGeorge III (ship)← George IIGeorge IV →vteEnglish, Scottish and British monarchsMonarchs of England until 1603Monarchs of Scotland until 1603Alfred the GreatEdward the ElderÆlfweardÆthelstanEdmund IEadredEadwigEdgar the PeacefulEdward the MartyrÆthelred the UnreadySweynEdmund IronsideCnutHarold HarefootHarthacnutEdward the ConfessorHarold GodwinsonEdgar ÆthelingWilliam IWilliam IIHenry IStephenMatildaHenry IIHenry the Young KingRichard IJohnLouisHenry IIIEdward IEdward IIEdward IIIRichard IIHenry IVHenry VHenry VIEdward IVEdward VRichard IIIHenry VIIHenry VIIIEdward VIJaneMary I and PhilipElizabeth IKenneth I MacAlpinDonald IConstantine IÁedGiricEochaidDonald IIConstantine IIMalcolm IIndulfDubCuilénAmlaíbKenneth IIConstantine IIIKenneth IIIMalcolm IIDuncan IMacbethLulachMalcolm IIIDonald IIIDuncan IIEdgarAlexander IDavid IMalcolm IVWilliam IAlexander IIAlexander IIIMargaretJohnRobert IDavid IIEdward BalliolRobert IIRobert IIIJames IJames IIJames IIIJames IVJames VMary IJames VIMonarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603James I & VICharles IThe Protectorate Oliver CromwellRichard CromwellCharles IIJames II & VIIWilliam III & II and Mary IIAnneBritish monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707AnneGeorge IGeorge IIGeorge IIIGeorge IVWilliam IVVictoriaEdward VIIGeorge VEdward VIIIGeorge VIElizabeth IICharles IIIDebated or disputed rulers are in italics.vte Kingdom of Great BritainHistoryConstitutional development Union of 1707Union of 1801External wars Seven Years'Jenkins EarFrench and IndianAmerican Revolutionary Boston MassacreAnglo-French War (1778–1783)Anglo-Dutch (1780–1784)French RevolutionaryWhig plotsJacobitism Jacobite risingsPanic of 1796–1797Agricultural Revolution ScotlandFinancial RevolutionFloral Badge of Great BritainRoyal housesStuart AnneHanover George IGeorge IIGeorge IIIPoliticsParliament House of LordsHouse of CommonsList of parliamentsActs of Parliament: 170717081709171017111712171317141715–17191720–17241725–17291730–17341735–17391740–17441745–17491750–17541755–17591760–1764176517661767176817691770177117721773177417751776177717781779178017811782178317841785178617871788178917901791179217931794179517961797179817991800Elections: 17081710171317151722172717341741174717541761176817741780178417901796MonarchyPeersPrivy CouncilPrime Minister listWhigsToriesWhig JuntoPatriot WhigsKit-Cat ClubGeographyGreat Britain EnglandScotlandWalesArchitectureQueen AnneGeorgianLiteraturePeriodicalsRomantic literature in EnglishRomanticism in ScotlandScottish 18th-century literatureBlue Stockings SocietyOtherEast India CompanyBritish EmpireLongitude prizeWindow taxProclamation of RebellionSouth Sea CompanySpeenhamland systemWelsh Methodist revivalSymbolsFlagRoyal armsvteDukes of EdinburghFrederick (1726–1751)George (1751–1760)Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1764–1834)Alfred (1866–1900)Philip (1947–2021)Charles (2021–2022)Edward (2023–present)vteBritish princesThe generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family.1st generationKing George II2nd generationFrederick, Prince of WalesPrince George WilliamPrince William, Duke of Cumberland3rd generationKing George IIIPrince Edward, Duke of York and AlbanyPrince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and EdinburghPrince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and StrathearnPrince Frederick4th generationKing George IVPrince Frederick, Duke of York and AlbanyKing William IVPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and StrathearnKing Ernest Augustus of HanoverPrince Augustus Frederick, Duke of SussexPrince Adolphus, Duke of CambridgePrince OctaviusPrince AlfredPrince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh5th generationPrince Albert1King George V of HanoverPrince George, Duke of Cambridge6th generationKing Edward VIIPrince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and StrathearnPrince Leopold, Duke of AlbanyPrince Ernest Augustus7th generationPrince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and AvondaleKing George VPrince Alexander John of WalesAlfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Arthur of ConnaughtPrince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince George William of HanoverPrince Christian of HanoverPrince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick8th generationKing Edward VIIIKing George VIPrince Henry, Duke of GloucesterPrince George, Duke of KentPrince JohnAlastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and StrathearnJohann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Ernest Augustus of HanoverPrince George William of Hanover9th generationPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh2Prince William of GloucesterPrince Richard, Duke of GloucesterPrince Edward, Duke of KentPrince Michael of Kent10th generationKing Charles IIIPrince Andrew, Duke of YorkPrince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh11th generationWilliam, Prince of WalesPrince Harry, Duke of SussexJames Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex12th generationPrince George of WalesPrince Louis of WalesPrince Archie of Sussex1 Not a British prince by birth, but created Prince Consort. 2 Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom.Princes whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics.vtePrinces of WalesEdward of Caernarfon (1301–1307)Edward the Black Prince (1343–1376)Richard of Bordeaux (1376–1377)Henry of Monmouth (1399–1413)Edward of Westminster (1454–1471)Edward (1471–1483)Edward of Middleham (1483–1484)Arthur (1489–1502)Henry (1504–1509)Edward (1537–1547)Henry Frederick (1610–1612)Charles (1616–1625)Charles (1641–1649)James (1688)George (1714–1727)Frederick (1728–1751)George (1751–1760)George (1762–1820)Albert Edward (1841–1901)George (1901–1910)Edward (1910–1936)Charles (1958–2022)William (2022–present) See also: Principality of WalesvteRulers of HanoverElectors of HanoverErnest Augustus I (Elector-designate)George I Louis*George II*George III* Kings of HanoverGeorge III*George IV*William*Ernest Augustus II**George V*** also British monarch **also Duke of Cumberland and TeviotdaleAuthority control databases Edit this at WikidataInternationalISNIVIAF2FASTWorldCatNationalGermanyUnited StatesFranceBnF dataItalyAustraliaCzech RepublicSpainNetherlandsNorwayLatviaCroatiaChileGreeceSwedenPoland2VaticanIsraelCataloniaBelgiumAcademicsCiNiiArtistsULANRKD ArtistsKulturNavPeopleTroveDeutsche BiographieOtherIdRefSNACTe Papa (New Zealand)RISMCategories: Pages with image sizes containing extra pxGeorge III1738 births1820 deaths18th-century British people19th-century British monarchs18th-century Irish monarchsEnglish blind peopleBlind royalty and nobilityBritish art collectorsBritish book and manuscript collectorsBritish people of the American RevolutionBritish princesBurials at St George's Chapel, Windsor CastleBritish blind peopleBritish deaf peopleBritish people of German descentDeaf royalty and nobilityBritish royalty and nobility with disabilitiesDeafblind peopleChildren of Frederick, Prince of WalesDeaths from pneumonia in EnglandDukes of Bremen and VerdenDukes of EdinburghDukes of Saxe-LauenburgEnglish people with disabilitiesEnglish pretenders to the French throneHeirs to the British throneKings of HanoverKnights of the GarterMonarchs of Great BritainMonarchs of the Isle of ManMonarchs of the United KingdomPeople from WestminsterPrince-electors of HanoverPrinces of WalesRegency eraRoyal Botanic Gardens, KewPeople of the War of the First Coalition 1817 ArticleTalkReadEditView history ToolsAppearance hideText Small Standard LargeWidth Standard WideColor (beta) Automatic Light DarkFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaMillennium:2nd millenniumCenturies:18th century19th century 20th centuryDecades:1790s1800s1810s 1820s1830sYears:1814181518161817 1818181918201817 by topicHumanitiesArchaeologyArchitectureArtLiterature PoetryMusicBy countryAustraliaBrazilCanadaDenmarkFranceGermanyNew ZealandNorwaySouth AfricaSwedenUnited KingdomUnited StatesOther topicsRail transportScienceSportsLists of leadersSovereign statesSovereign state leadersTerritorial governorsReligious leadersLawBirth and death categoriesBirthsDeathsEstablishments and disestablishments categoriesEstablishmentsDisestablishmentsWorks categoryWorksvte1817 in various calendarsGregorian calendar1817MDCCCXVIIAb urbe condita2570Armenian calendar1266ԹՎ ՌՄԿԶAssyrian calendar6567Balinese saka calendar1738–1739Bengali calendar1224Berber calendar2767British Regnal year57 Geo. 3 – 58 Geo. 3Buddhist calendar2361Burmese calendar1179Byzantine calendar7325–7326Chinese calendar丙子年 (Fire Rat)4514 or 4307 — to —丁丑年 (Fire Ox)4515 or 4308Coptic calendar1533–1534Discordian calendar2983Ethiopian calendar1809–1810Hebrew calendar5577–5578Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat1873–1874 - Shaka Samvat1738–1739 - Kali Yuga4917–4918Holocene calendar11817Igbo calendar817–818Iranian calendar1195–1196Islamic calendar1232–1233Japanese calendarBunka 14(文化１４年)Javanese calendar1744–1745Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 daysKorean calendar4150Minguo calendar95 before ROC民前95年Nanakshahi calendar349Thai solar calendar2359–2360Tibetan calendar阳火鼠年(male Fire-Rat)1943 or 1562 or 790 — to —阴火牛年(female Fire-Ox)1944 or 1563 or 791 Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1817. February 12: Battle of Chacabuco1817 (MDCCCXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1817th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 817th year of the 2nd millennium, the 17th year of the 19th century, and the 8th year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1817, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. EventsJanuary–MarchJanuary 1 – Sailing through the Sandwich Islands, Otto von Kotzebue discovers New Year Island.January 19 – An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, starts crossing the Andes from Argentina, to liberate Chile and then Peru.January 20 – Ram Mohan Roy and David Hare found Hindu College, Calcutta, offering instructions in Western languages and subjects.February 12 – Battle of Chacabuco: The Argentine–Chilean patriotic army defeats the Spanish.March 3President James Madison vetoes John C. Calhoun's Bonus Bill.The U.S. Congress passes a law to split the Mississippi Territory, after Mississippi drafts a constitution, creating the Alabama Territory, effective in August.[1]March 4 – James Monroe is sworn in as the fifth President of the United States.March 21 – The flag of the Pernambucan Revolt is publicly blessed by the dean of Recife Cathedral, Brazil.[2]April–JuneApril 3 – Princess Caraboo appears in Almondsbury in Gloucestershire, England.April 15The American School for the Deaf opens in Hartford, Connecticut.An earthquake strikes Palermo in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.[3]April 29 – The Rush–Bagot Treaty is signed.May 27 – The General Convention of the Episcopal Church founds the General Theological Seminary, while meeting in New York City.[4]June 12German inventor Karl Drais drives his dandy horse ("Draisine" or Laufmaschine), the earliest form of bicycle, in Mannheim.Tradesman Jeffery Sedwards establishes the Skibbereen Abstinence Society in Ireland, considered the first organisation devoted to teetotalism in Europe.[5]June 22 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain, by royal decree, makes the production and sale of tobacco a legal endeavor in Cuba, thus sparking the birth of the Cuban cigar industry.[6]June 25 – A large riot breaks out in Copenhagen Prison; the army is sent to quell it.July–September July 4: Construction on the Erie Canal starts.July 4At Rome, New York, construction on the Erie Canal begins.1817 Santiago del Estero earthquake. A 7.0 magnitude earthquake hits Argentina's Santiago del Estero Province.August 15 – By act of the U.S. Congress (March 3), the Alabama Territory is created by splitting the Mississippi Territory in half, on the day the Mississippi constitution is drafted, four months before Mississippi becomes a U.S. state.[1]August 22 – The town of Araraquara, Brazil is founded.August 23 – An earthquake near the site of the ancient Greek city of Helike results in 65 deaths.August 26 – The University of Michigan is founded in Detroit, Michigan.September 11 – The Great Rebellion of 1817-18 begins in Sri Lanka.October–DecemberOctober 9 – Official opening of the University of GhentOctober 17 – Frigate HMS Trincomalee is launched in Bombay for the British Royal Navy; she will still be afloat two centuries later.October 30 – The independent government of Venezuela is established by Simón Bolívar.October 31 – Emperor Ninkō accedes to the throne of Japan.November 3 – The Bank of Montreal opens in Montreal.November 5 – Third Anglo-Maratha War breaks out with the Battle of Khadki.November 6 – The death in childbirth of the heir presumptive, Princess Charlotte, daughter of the Prince Regent, throws the succession to the British throne into doubt.November 20 – The first Seminole War begins in Florida.November 22 – Frédéric Cailliaud discovers the old Roman emerald mines at Sikait, Egypt.December 10 – Mississippi is admitted as the 20th U.S. state, formerly the Mississippi Territory.[1]Date unknownThe first cholera pandemic originates in Bengal, reaching Calcutta by September.A typhus epidemic occurs in Edinburgh and Glasgow.BirthsJanuary–June William III of the Netherlands Joseph Dalton HookerJanuary 8 – Sir Theophilus Shepstone, British-born South African statesman (d. 1893)January 28 – Francisco de Lersundi y Hormaechea, Spanish noble and politician, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1874)February 17 – Édouard Thilges, 7th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 1904)February 18 – Lewis Armistead, American Confederate general (d. 1863)February 19 – King William III of the Netherlands (d. 1890)February 22 – Carl Wilhelm Borchardt, German mathematician (d. 1880)February 24 – Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot, French general (d. 1882)March 6 – Princess Clémentine of Orléans, daughter of King Louis Philippe I of France, mother of Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (d. 1907)March 22 – Braxton Bragg, American Confederate general (d. 1876)April 1 – Nissen Shonin, Japanese Buddhist priest Honmon Butsuryū-shū, Kyoto city (d. 1890)April 15 – Benjamin Jowett, Master of Balliol College, Oxford (d. 1893)April 24 – Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, Swiss chemist (d. 1894)May 15 – Debendranath Tagore, Indian philosopher (d. 1905)May 19 – Theodor August Heintzman, Canadian piano manufacturer (d. 1899)June 30 – Joseph Dalton Hooker, English botanist (d. 1911)July–December Mihail KogălniceanuJuly 6 – Albert von Kölliker, Swiss biologist, zoologist (d. 1905)July 12Alphonse Lecointe, French general and politician (d. 1890)Henry David Thoreau, American philosopher (d. 1862)July 15 – John Fowler, British civil engineer (d. 1898)July 24 – Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1905)July 29 – Ivan Aivazovsky, Armenian-Russian painter (d. 1900)August 3 – Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen, Austrian general (d. 1895)August 4 – Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, 29th United States Secretary of State (d. 1885)August 14 – Alexander H. Bailey, American politician (d. 1874)August 24 – Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Russian writer (d. 1875)August 25 – Marie-Eugénie de Jésus, French religious (d. 1898)September 6Helga de la Brache, Swedish con artist (d. 1885)Mihail Kogălniceanu, 3rd Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1891)September 14 – Theodor Storm, German writer (d. 1888)October 10 – Christophorus Buys Ballot, Dutch chemist, meteorologist (d. 1890)October 17 – Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (Bahadaur), Indian founder of the Two Nation Theory for a future Pakistan (d. 1898)October 30 – Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp, German chemist (d. 1892)November 3 – Leonard Jerome, American entrepreneur, grandfather of Sir Winston Churchill (d. 1891)November 12 – Bahá'u'lláh, Persian founder of the Bahá'í Faith (d. 1892)November 17 – Benjamin Champney, American painter (d. 1907)November 30 – Theodor Mommsen, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1903)December 8 – Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs, Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1896)December 10 – Alexander Wood (physician), Scottish inventor of the first true hypodermic syringe (d. 1884)December 23 – Warren Felt Evans, American writer (d. 1889)Date unknownSophia Wilkens, Swedish social reformer, pioneer in the education of the intellectually disabled (d. 1889)DeathsJanuary–June Thomas McKeanJanuary 1 – Martin Heinrich Klaproth, German chemist who discovered uranium (1789), zirconium (1789), and cerium (1803) (b. 1743)January 11 – Timothy Dwight IV, American educator, theologian (b. 1752)January 11 – Margherita Dalmet, Venetian dogaressa (b. 1739)January 12 – Juan Andrés, Spanish Jesuit (b. 1740)January 16 – Alexander J. Dallas, American statesman, financier (b. 1759)February 8 – Francis Horner, Scottish politician, economist (b. 1778)March 8 – Anna Maria Lenngren, Swedish writer (b. 1754)April 2 – Johann Heinrich Jung, German writer (b. 1740)April 4 – André Masséna, French marshal (b. 1758)April 12 – Charles Messier, French astronomer (b. 1730)April 20 – Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain, Spanish prince (b. 1755)June 2 – Clotilde Tambroni, Italian philologist, linguist (b. 1758)June 4 – George Farragut, American naval officer (b. 1755)June 9 – Théroigne de Méricourt, French revolutionary (b. 1762)June 13Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish, politician writer and inventor (b. 1744)Esther de Gélieu, Swiss educator (b. 1757)June 18 – Leonard Neale, American Catholic bishop (b. 1746)June 20 – Marie-Gabriel-Florent-Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier, French diplomat (b. 1752)June 24 – Thomas McKean, American lawyer, signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1734)June 30 – Abraham Gottlob Werner, German geologist (b. 1750)July–December Jane Austen Karađorđe William BlighJuly 14 – Anne Louise Germaine de Staël, French writer (b. 1766)July 18 – Jane Austen, English novelist (b. 1775)July 19 – John Palmer, Bath architect (b. c. 1738)July 24 – Karađorđe Petrović, Serb leader of the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire, founder of the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty (b. 1768)August 7 – Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, French politician (b. 1739)August 10 – Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (b. 1740)September 18 – David Hall, American judge (b. 1752)October 11 – Gertrudis Bocanegra, Mexican national heroine (b. 1765)October 13 – Julius Caesar Ibbetson, English artist (b. 1759)October 15 – Tadeusz Kościuszko, exiled Polish general, nationalist (b. 1746)October 16 – Manuel Piar, Venezuelan military leader (b. 1774)November 6 – Princess Charlotte of Wales, heir presumptive to the British throne (b. 1796)November 7 – Jean-André Deluc, Swiss geologist (b. 1727)November 11 – Francisco Javier Mina, Spanish military leader (b. 1789) (executed)November 14 – Policarpa Salavarrieta, Colombian spy, revolutionary who worked for the independence of Colombia (b. 1795)November 30 – Jean-Baptiste-Melchior Hertel de Rouville, Canadian politician (b. 1748)December 7 – William Bligh, British admiral (b. 1754)December 1 – Justin Heinrich Knecht, German composer, organist and music theorist (b. 1752)December 12 – Emperor Tekle Giyorgis I of Ethiopia, (b. c. 1751)December 15Usman dan Fodio, founder of Sokoto caliphate (b. 1754)Federigo Zuccari, astronomer, director of the Astronomical Observatory of Naples (b. 1783)References "An 1820 Claim to Congress: Alabama Territory : 1817", The Intruders, TNGenNet Inc., 2001, quick webpage: TN-537[permanent dead link]. Pernambucan Revolution, 1817, From crwflags.com. Retrieved June 30, 2006. "Prof. Ferrara on the Earthquakes in Sicily in 1823", The Edinburgh Journal of Science p366 James Grant Wilson, The Memorial History of the City of New-York: From Its First Settlement to the Year 1892, Volume IV (New York History Company, 1893) p596 Winskill P. T., The Temperance Movement: And Its Workers (Blackie & Son, Ltd. 1891) p80 Cuba (International Bureau of the American Republics, 1905) p82
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Royal: George III
To Commemorate: King George III
Type: Coin
Royalty: UK Royalty
Year: 1818
Signed: No
Manufacturer: British Royal Mint
Theme: Royalty
Country: Great Britian
Features: Antique
Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom
Vintage: Yes
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